Advances in Medical Imaging, Detection, and Diagnosis

The pace and sophistication of advances in medicine in the past two decades have necessitated a growing need for a comprehensive reference that highlights the current issues in medicine. Each volume in the Current Issues in Medicine series is a stand‐alone text that provides a broad survey of various critical topics--all accomplished in a user-friendly yet interconnected format. The series not only highlights current advances but also explores related topics such as translational medicine, precision medicine, nanomedicine, regulatory science, neglected global diseases, emerging pandemics such as COVID-19, FDA and patent law, immunotoxicology, theranostics, big data, artificial intelligence, novel imaging tools and techniques, combination drug products, and novel therapies. While bridging the gap between basic research and clinical medicine, this series provides a thorough understanding of medicine's potential to address health problems from both the patient's and the provider's perspectives in a healthcare setting. Each volume is essential reading for medical practitioners, medical students, nurses, fellows, residents, undergraduate and graduate students, educators, venture capitalists, policymakers, biomedical researchers, and general readers. The multidisciplinary approach of the series makes it a valuable reference for health care systems, the pharmaceutical industry, academia, and governments. However, unlike other series on medicine or medical texts, this series focuses on current trends, perspectives, and issues in medicine that are central to healthcare delivery in the 21st century.

The first two volumes in this series focus on the current issues in basic medical sciences, subjects that are fundamental to the practice of medicine. These subjects, traditionally taught in the first two years of medical school that precede clinical instruction, provide a core of basic knowledge crucial for the success in clinical medicine during rotations, training, and medical practice. The subsequent volumes are dedicated to clinical topics in medicine. This volume addresses advances in medical imaging, detection, and diagnostic technologies. Medical technological innovations in the past two decades continue to provide for safer, more accurate, and faster diagnosis for patients--a direct consequence of the advances in imaging and other technological breakthroughs. Hence, it is imperative that practitioners stay current with these latest advances to provide the best care for nursing and clinical practices. Given this backdrop, the current volume focuses on the tools, technologies, and techniques related to detection, imaging technologies, and diagnostics that are currently impacting medicine. The range of topics covered in this volume and the expertise of the contributing authors accurately reflect the rapidly evolving areas within medical diagnostics and imaging--from basic medical sciences to clinical specialties.

Raj Bawa, MS, PhD, is president of Bawa Biotech LLC, a biotech/pharma consultancy and patent law firm based in Ashburn, Virginia, USA, that he founded in 2002. Trained as a biochemist and microbiologist, he is an inventor, entrepreneur, professor, and registered patent agent licensed to practice before the US Patent & Trademark Office. He is currently a scientific advisor to Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. (Israel), a visiting research scholar at the Pharmaceutical Research Institute of Albany College of Pharmacy (Albany, New York), and vice president and chief intellectual property officer at Guanine, Inc. (Rensselaer, New York). He has previously served as a principal investigator of National Cancer Institute SBIRs and continues to be a scientific reviewer for both the NIH and NSF. He recently (2017-2019) served as principal investigator of a CDC grant to develop an assay for Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Since 2004, he has been an adjunct professor in the biology department and the Extended Learning Institute of Northern Virginia Community College (Annandale, Virginia), where he also teaches human anatomy and physiology to pre-nursing students. In the 1990s, Dr. Bawa held various positions at the US Patent & Trademark Office, including primary patent examiner from 1996-2002. Previously, he was an adjunct professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York from 1998-2018, where he received his doctoral degree in three years (biophysics/biochemistry). Dr. Bawa is a life member of Sigma Xi, co-chair of the nanotech and precision medicine committees of the American Bar Association (2015-2021), and founding director of the American Society for Nanomedicine (founded in 2008). He has authored over 100 publications, co-edited 9 texts, and serves on the editorial boards of numerous peer-reviewed journals, including serving as an associate editor of Nanomedicine (Elsevier). Some of Dr. Bawa's awards include the Innovations Prize from the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, UK (2008); Appreciation Award from the US Undersecretary of Commerce, Washington, DC (2001); the Key Award from Rensselaer's Office of Alumni Relations (2005); and Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Society for Nanomedicine (2014).

Gerald F. Audette, PhD, is associate dean of faculty in the Faculty of Science, an associate professor of chemistry, and member of the Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions at York University, Canada. His research focuses on the correlation between protein structure and biological activity of proteins involved in bacterial conjugation, in particular, the type 4 secretion system from the conjugative F-plasmid of Escherichia coli. In addition, his research targets the type IV pilins and associated assembly systems from several bacterial pathogens and is exploring the adaptation of these protein systems for applications in bionanotechnology and nanomedicine. Dr. Audette is the co-editor of volumes 1-4 of the Jenny Stanford Series on Nanomedicine and is a subject editor of structural chemistry and crystallography for the journal FACETS.

S. R. Bawa, MSc, PhD, is currently scientific advisor at Bawa Biotech LLC, a biotechnology and patent law firm founded in 2002 and based in Ashburn, Virginia. Previously, he was Founding Chairman and Professor of Biophysics at Panjab University, Chandigarh, India (1964-1993). While there, he also served as Dean of Foreign Students (1983-1988), Coordinator of the Biotechnology Center (1986-1988), and Advisor, Regional Sophisticated Instrumentation Center (1983-1988). He was President of the Electron Microscopy Society of India (1986-1993) and Secretary of the Indian Biophysical Society (1986-1988). Dr. Bawa received his MSc (University Gold Medal) and PhD degrees in 1951 and 1954, respectively, from Panjab University. He was recipient of the Fulbright Fellowship to study at Columbia and Cornell Universities from 1958 to 1963. He was a Boese Postdoctoral Research Fellow (1959-1960) at Columbia University (1959-1960) prior to joining the faculty of Cornell University Medical College, New York City, in the department of anatomy (1961-1963). In 1964, he assumed the position of Head of the Department and Reader of the newly established Biophysics Department at Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. He was promoted to Full Professor in 1969. After retiring from Panjab University in 1993, Dr. Bawa joined the David Axelrod Institute of the New York State Department of Health in Albany, New York, from where he retired in 2000. Dr. Bawa has published over 200 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals, books and conference proceedings. In addition, he is the recipient of the Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship, Germany (five times); British Council Invitee; Diatome Award of the Electron Microscope Society of America; US Department of Agriculture Appreciation Award; Kazato Research Award, Japan; and National Lectureship, India. He has served on numerous international scientific committees, advisory boards and held visiting professorships in the US, Canada and Europe. He has served on various peer-reviewed journal editorial boards, including Ultramicroscopy (1986-1995, Elsevier), Andrologia (1993-1995, Wiley), Acta Anatomica (1974-1977, Karger), Journal of Ultrastructure Research (1969-1985, Elsevier) and Journal of Submicroscopic Cytology (1970-1977, UniversitaÌ di Bologna). Since 2004, the "Dr. S. R. Bawa Merit Scholarship" is awarded by the Panjab University, India, to a student standing first in the BSc (Honors School) class in biophysics.

Mandira N. Mehra, MD, is a double board-certified physician. Aside from being a medical doctor, she is a published medical journalist and well-respected television medical correspondent. She routinely appears on CBS, FOX 5, NBC, ABC, and MHz Networks. She is the founder and host of the podcast Human Condition MD. She received her BS in biology from George Washington University (Washington, DC) and graduated from George Washington University School of Medicine in 2010 receiving her medical degree. She went on to complete her internship and neurology residency in 2014 from Thomas Jefferson University Hospital (Philadelphia, PA). She is board certified in neurology and did fellowship training in interventional pain management at the ACGME-accredited program at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital. In 2015, she also became board certified in interventional pain management. Dr. Mehra practiced in the Midwest for 5 years and is now based in Washington, DC. During her undergraduate tenure, she received a piano and tennis scholarship. Dr. Mehra has performed at the Kennedy Center and Carnegie Hall.

Bruce D. Johnson, PhD, is a professor of medicine and physiology and a consultant in the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic. He has joint appointments in the Division of Preventive, Occupational and Aerospace Medicine and in the Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering at Mayo Clinic. He is the director of the Mayo Clinical Research Unit's Energy Balance Core Laboratory and directs his own research laboratory in human integrative and environmental physiology. The majority of his research has focused on factors limiting human performance in various clinical syndromes, in athletes and under extreme environmental conditions. He has led field studies in Antarctica, funded through the National Science Foundation, and on Mount Aconcagua in Argentina, Mount Everest, and Mount Kilimanjaro and studied unique populations such as breath-hold divers in Croatia and F-22 pilots from the US Air Force. His clinical research focuses on novel methods for the detection and tracking of chronic disease as well as environmental factors that may be involved in disease risk. His laboratory also works closely with consumer and medical device companies that track health status through wearable or passive sensing as well as with early-phase supplement and pharmaceutical company products. His work has been funded by the NIH, DOD, NSF, state of Minnesota, and industry.