Analytical Atomic Spectrometry with Flames and Plasmas

This completely revised second edition of the standard work has been expanded by some twenty percent to include more information on the latest developments and new apparatus. In particular, sections have been added on microplasmas and new types of spectrometers, while that on the rapidly expanding field of speciations with practical examples from life and environmental sciences have been included. Still in one handy volume, the book covers all the important modern aspects of atomic fluorescence, emission and absorption spectroscopy as well as plasma mass spectroscopy in a readily comprehensible and practice-oriented manner. A thorough explanation of the physical, theoretical and technical basics, example applications including the concrete execution of analysis and comprehensive cross-references to the latest literature allow even newcomers easy access to the methodologies described.

Table of Contents:
Preface xi Introduction 1 1 Basic Principles 4 1.1 Atomic structure 4 1.2 Plasmas 8 1.3 Emission and absorption of radiation 9 1.4 Ionization 18 1.5 Dissociation 23 1.6 Sources for atomic spectrometry 26 1.7 Analytical atomic spectrometry 31 2 Spectrometric Instrumentation 34 2.1 Figures of merit of an analytical method 34 2.2 Optical spectrometers 51 2.2.1 Optical systems 52 2.2.2 Radiation detectors 61 2.2.3 Miniaturized spectrometers 70 2.2.4 Non-dispersive spectrometers 73 2.3 Mass spectrometers 75 2.3.1 Types of mass spectrometers 76 2.3.2 Ion detection 84 2.3.3 Ion extraction 87 2.3.4 Ion optics and transmission 88 2.4 Data acquisition and treatment 89 2.5 Traceability 92 3 Sample Introduction Devices 94 3.1 Sample introduction by pneumatic nebulization 96 3.2 Ultrasonic nebulization 113 3.3 Hydride and other volatile species generation 114 3.4 Electrothermal vaporization 120 3.4.1 The volatilization process 121 3.4.2 Types of electrothermal devices 122 3.4.3 Temperature programming 125 3.4.4 Analytical performance 127 3.5 Direct solids sampling 128 3.5.1 Thermal methods 128 3.5.2 Slurry atomization 131 3.5.3 Arc and spark ablation 136 3.5.4 Laser ablation 142 3.6 Cathodic sputtering 147 4 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 159 4.1 Principles 159 4.2 Atomic absorption spectrometers 161 4.2.1 Spectrometers 161 4.2.2 Primary radiation sources 163 4.3 Flame atomic absorption 171 4.3.1 Flames and burners 172 4.3.2 Nebulizers 174 4.3.3 Figures of merit 175 4.4 Electrothermal atomic absorption 177 4.4.1 Atomizers 178 4.4.2 Thermochemistry 181 4.4.3 Figures of merit 182 4.5 Special techniques 187 4.5.1 Hydride and cold-vapor techniques 187 4.5.2 Direct solids sampling 189 4.5.3 Indirect determinations 190 4.5.4 Flow injection analysis 190 4.5.5 Diode laser atomic absorption spectrometry 191 4.6 Background correction techniques 192 4.6.1 Correction for background absorption with the deuterium lamp technique 192 4.6.2 Background correction with the aid of the Zeeman effect 194 4.6.3 The Smith–Hieftje technique 197 4.6.4 Coherent forward scattering 197 4.7 Fields of application 199 4.8 Outlook 205 5 Optical Emission Spectrometry 207 5.1 Principles 207 5.2 Atomic emission spectrometers 217 5.3 Flame emission 225 5.4 Arcs and sparks 225 5.4.1 Arc emission spectrometry 225 5.4.1.1 Arc characteristics 225 5.4.1.2 DC arc spectrometry 226 5.4.1.3 AC arc spectrometry 228 5.4.2 Spark emission spectrometry 228 5.4.2.1 Sparks 228 5.4.2.2 Analytical features 230 5.5 Plasma source OES 232 5.5.1 DC plasma-jet OES 232 5.5.1.1 Types of plasma jets 232 5.5.1.2 Three-electrode plasma jet 233 5.5.2 Inductively coupled plasma OES 234 5.5.2.1 The inductively coupled plasma 234 5.5.2.2 Instrumentation 236 5.5.2.3 Analytical performance 238 5.5.2.4 Applications 247 5.5.3 Low-power high-frequency plasmas 249 5.5.4 Microwave plasmas 253 5.6 Glow discharge OES 265 5.6.1 Hollow cathodes for OES 266 5.6.2 Furnace emission spectrometry 267 5.6.3 DC glow discharges with a flat cathode 268 5.6.4 RF glow discharges 272 5.6.5 New developments 273 5.7 Laser sources 279 6 Plasma Mass Spectrometry 284 6.1 ICP mass spectrometry 285 6.1.1 Instrumentation 285 6.1.2 Analytical features 287 6.1.3 Applications 304 6.1.4 Outlook 311 6.2 Glow discharge mass spectrometry 314 6.2.1 Instrumentation 316 6.2.2 Analytical performance 323 6.2.3 Analytical applications 323 7 Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry 332 7.1 Principles 332 7.2 Instrumentation 335 7.3 Analytical performance 337 8 Laser-Enhanced Ionization Spectrometry 339 8.1 Principles 339 8.2 Figues of merit 342 8.3 Analytical applications 343 9 Sample Preparation for Atomic Spectrometry 345 9.1 Sample preparation in direct compact sample analysis 345 9.2 Grinding, sieving, and compaction of powders 345 9.3 Sample dissolution 347 9.3.1 Wet chemical methods 347 9.3.2 Fusion procedures 347 9.3.3 Microwave-assisted methods 348 9.3.4 Combustion techniques 348 9.4 Flow injection analysis 348 9.5 Leaching sample preparation methods 349 10 Comparison with Other Methods 350 10.1 Power of detection 350 10.2 Analytical accuracy 352 10.3 Economic aspects 353 Literature 355 Index 402