Anatomy for Anaesthetists

Jubilee edition of the classic text first published in 1963 Anaesthetists require a particularly specialized knowledge of anatomy The anaesthetist must know intimately the respiratory passages, the major veins and the peripheral nerves to deliver safe and effective pain control. As one of the great teachers of anatomy, Professor Harold Ellis is eminently qualified to elegantly provide the anatomical detail required of anaesthetists. Modern approaches to practice, including the use of imaging to guide anaesthetic practice, add further depth to the fine full-colour anatomical illustrations. Designed for anaesthetists, Anatomy for Anaesthetists covers: • The Respiratory Pathway, Lungs, Thoracic Wall and Diaphragm • The Heart and Great Veins of the Neck • The Peripheral Nerves • The Autonomic Nervous System • The Cranial Nerves • The Anatomy of Pain Clinical Notes throughout provide the clinical context for the anatomical detail. Designed for trainees, but of continuing relevance to practicing anaesthetists, and now in its Golden Jubilee edition, Anatomy for Anaesthetists provides a central pillar of anaesthetic knowledge.

Table of Contents:
Preface to the Ninth (jubilee) Edition xi Foreword to the First Edition xiii Introduction to the First Edition XIII Acknowledgements to the Ninth (Jubilee) Edition xv Part 1: The Respiratory Pathway, Lungs, Thoracic Wall and Diaphragm The mouth 3 The palate 3 The nose 6 The paranasal sinuses 9 Blood supply 10 Nerve supply 11 Structure 13 The functions of the nose 13 The pharynx 15 The nasopharynx 15 The oropharynx 16 Vascular, lymphatic and nerve supply 17 The laryngopharynx 18 The structure of the pharynx 18 The muscles of the pharynx 19 Deglutition 21 The larynx 24 The laryngeal cartilages 24 The laryngeal ligaments 26 The muscles of the larynx 33 Blood supply 36 Lymph drainage 36 Nerve supply 37 Structure 42 The trachea 42 Relations 43 Vascular, lymphatic and nerve supply 46 The main bronchi 46 The pleura 48 The lines of pleural reflection 48 The intercostal spaces 51 The intercostal muscles 52 The neurovascular bundle 53 The mediastinum 56 The lungs 57 The lung lobes 61 The relationships at the root of the lung 62 The bronchopulmonary segments 63 Bronchoscopic anatomy 66 The structure of the lung and bronchial tree 67 The pulmonary blood supply 69 Lymphatics 71 Innervation 71 The development of the respiratory tract 71 The diaphragm 72 Anatomical features 72 The diaphragm as a muscle of respiration 75 The diaphragm and the ‘cardiac sphincter’ 75 The development of the diaphragm 76 Part 2: The Heart and Great Veins of the Neck The pericardium 81 The heart 82 The chambers of the heart 84 The conducting system of the heart 88 The blood supply of the heart 89 Nerve supply 90 Surface markings 90 Developmental anatomy 92 The development of the heart 92 The development of the aortic arches and their derivatives 93 The fetal circulation 95 Congenital abnormalities of the heart and great vessels 96 The great veins of the neck 98 Part 3: The Vertebral Canal and its Contents The vertebrae and sacrum 109 The vertebrae 109 The cervical vertebrae 109 The thoracic vertebrae 113 The lumbar vertebrae 114 The sacrum 120 Vertebral anomalies 125 The intervertebral ligaments 127 The spinal meninges 130 The dura mater 130 The arachnoid mater 131 The pia mater 131 The compartments related to the spinal meninges 132 The cerebrospinal fluid 136 The spinal cord 137 The structure of the cord 139 Blood supply 142 Part 4: The Peripheral Nerves The spinal nerves 149 Meningeal relations 149 Vertebral relations 149 The paravertebral space 150 The posterior primary rami 151 The anterior primary rami 154 The cervical plexus 156 Formation of the plexus 156 Summary of branches 157 The stellate ganglion 161 The brachial plexus 165 Formation of the plexus 165 The relations of the brachial plexus 168 The branches of the brachial plexus 169 Supraclavicular branches of the brachial plexus 174 Infraclavicular branches of the brachial plexus 174 Variations 188 The segmental innervation of the upper limb 190 The thoracic nerves 190 Anterior primary rami 190 The lumbar plexus 192 Formation of the plexus 193 Distribution of the lumbar plexus 195 The sacral and coccygeal plexuses 201 Formation of the plexuses 202 Relations 202 Summary of the branches of the sacral plexus 204 The collateral branches 204 The terminal branches 205 The sciatic foramina 219 The coccygeal plexus 219 The segmental innervation of the lower limb 220 Part 5: The Autonomic Nervous System Introduction 225 Autonomic afferents 227 The sympathetic system 228 Spinal level 228 The sympathetic trunk 228 The ganglia of the sympathetic trunk 231 The plexuses of the sympathetic system 236 Higher sympathetic centres 239 The parasympathetic system 239 The cranial outflow 239 The sacral outflow 241 Afferent parasympathetic fibres 241 Part 6: The Cranial Nerves Introduction 245 The basic plan of the cranial nuclei 245 The olfactory nerve (I) 247 The optic nerve (II) 249 The oculomotor nerve (III) 251 The trochlear nerve (IV) 253 The trigeminal nerve (V) 254 The ophthalmic nerve (V ′) 258 The maxillary nerve (V ′′) 261 The mandibular nerve (V ′′′) 268 The abducent nerve (VI) 275 The facial nerve (VII) 275 The auditory (vestibulocochlear) nerve (VIII) 279 The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) 281 The vagus nerve (X) 284 Course and relations 285 The branches and distribution of the vagus nerve 287 The accessory nerve (XI) 289 The hypoglossal nerve (XII) 290 Part 7: Miscellaneous Zones of Interest The thoracic inlet 295 Outlines and boundaries 295 The 1st rib 295 Cervical ribs 297 Surface markings 297 The antecubital fossa 298 Boundaries 298 Roof 298 Contents 298 Structures of clinical importance 300 The orbit and its contents 303 The bony orbit 303 The orbital foramina 305 The subdivisions of the orbit 305 The eyeball 306 Contents of the eyeball 308 The orbital muscles 309 The fascial sheath of the eye 310 The eyelids and conjunctiva 311 The lacrimal apparatus 312 The abdominal wall 314 Landmarks 314 Fascia 315 Muscles 315 Blood supply 319 Nerve supply 319 Part 8: The Anatomy of Pain Introduction 323 Classification of pain 324 Peripheral receptors and afferent fibres 324 Peripheral sensitization 325 Cutaneous nociceptors 325 Other somatic structures 325 Visceral nociception 326 The spinal cord and central projections 326 The dorsal horn 326 Ascending systems 328 Spinothalamic tract 328 Spinoreticular tract 329 Cerebral processing and the pain matrix 329 Modulation of pain signals 330 Cortical modulation 330 Descending inhibitory pathways 331 The gate control theory of pain 332 Central sensitization of pain 332 The autonomic nervous system and pain 333 Index 335