PREFACE In the course of the last ten years there have been conferred upon me two public honours which have given me the greatest pleasure and satisfaction, my election in 1911 as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, and the presentation, on the occasion of my fifty-ninth birthday in February, I 82 I, of a complimentary address accompanied by very beautiful presents signed by a number of representative Persians, expressing their appreciation of the services which, they were kind enough to say, I had rendered to their language and literature. I hope that this little book may be regarded, not as a discharge, but as an acknowledgment, of this double debt. In it I have sought on the one hand to indicate the part played by the scholars and physicians of IslAm, and especially of Persia, in the transmission of medical science through the dark ages from the decline of the ancient to the rise of the modern learning and on the other to suggest to lovers of Arabic and Persian literature in the wider sense that hitherto they have perhaps allowed the poets and euphuists to occupy a dispropor- tionate amount of their attention, to the exclusion of the scientific WeLtnnscAauung which, to a greater degree in the medieval East than in the modern West, forms the background of these lighter, though more artistic, efforts. Indeed, as I have attempted to show in these pages, that great Persian poem the Il.laihnawt of Jalhlud-Ilin Rfirni will be better appreciated by one who is conversant with the medical literature of the period. Refore I began to prepare the FitzPatrick lectures now offered to the public I consulted Sir Clifford Allbutt, the Regius Professor of Medicine in the University of Cambridge, as to the best books on the history of that science which the Prophet Muhammad, in a tradition familiar to all Muslims, is said to have linked in importance with Theology Of the numerous works which Sir Clifford Allbutt indicated, and, in many cases, lent to me for preliminary study, I have derived more profit, from none than from Professor Max Neuburgers excellent Gerchickf der Medizin Stuttgart, I 908. Although the section of this work dealing with Arabian Medicine comprises only 86 pages it is extraordinarily rich in facts and accurate in details, and supplies an outline of the subject which is susceptible of amplification but not of correction. I have thought it better to publish these four lectures in the form in which they were originally delivered than to recast them in a fresh mould, but the proofs have been read by several of my friends and colleagues, namely Dr F. H. H. Guillemard, M.D., Dr E. H. hlinns, Litt.D., See pp. 87-88 inju. 9 Science is twofold Theology and hfedicine. ..L1 1., .g4 S., . a, AYl ds, 34591 Af 3 l a Vol. I, part ii, pp. 142-8pp. 346-394 of vol. i of Ernest Playfairs English translation London, 1910. V11 MirzA Muhamrnad Khdn of Qazwin, and Muhammad Iqbil, to all of whom l am indebted for many valuable corrections and suggestions. I am also deeply indebted to Professor A. A. Bevan and the Rev. Professor D. S. Margoliouth for their help in establishing the text and emending the translation of the clinical case recorded by ar-Rizl which will be found on pp. 51-3 infia...