Biological Effects and Physics of Solar and Galactic Cosmic Radiation Part B

Space missions subject human beings or any other target of a spacecraft to a radiation environment of an intensity and composition not available on earth. Whereas for missions in low earth orbit (LEO), such as those using the Space Shuttle or Space Station scenario, radiation exposure guidelines have been developed and have been adopted by spacefaring agencies, for exploratory class missions that will take the space travellers outside the protective confines of the geomagnetic field sufficient guidelines for radiation protection are still outstanding. For a piloted Mars mission, the whole concept of radiation protection needs to be reconsidered. Since there is an increasing interest of many nations and space agencies in establishing a lunar base and lor exploring Mars by manned missions, it is both, timely and important to develop appropriate risk estimates and radiation protection guidelines which will have an influence on the design and structure of space vehicles and habitation areas of the extraterrestrial settlements. This book is the result of a multidisciplinary effort to assess the state of art in our knowledge on the radiation situation during deep space missions and on the impact of this complex radiation environment on the space traveller. It comprises the lectures by the faculty members as well as short contributions by the students given at the NATO Advanced Study Institute "Biological Effects and Physics of Solar and Galactic Cosmic Radiation" held in Armacao de Pera, Portugal, 12-23 October, 1991.

Table of Contents:
Radiation Environment, Dosimetry, Shielding Effects.- Radiation Environment during the Long Space Mission (Mars) due to Galactic Cosmic Rays.- Influence of the Geomagnetic Field and of the Solar Activity Cycle on the Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum.- History of Energetic Solar Protons for the Past Three Solar Cycles Including Cycle 22 Update.- Origins and Effects of Solar Flares.- Prediction of Solar Particle Events for Exploration Class Missions.- Predicting and Modeling Solar Rare Generated Proton Fluxes in the Inner Heliosphere.- Solar Energy and Its Interaction with Earth’s Atmosphere.- Space Radiation Dosimetry.- Time Resolving Detector Systems for Radiobiological Investigations of Effects of Single Heavy Ions.- Microdosimetry in Space Using Microelectronic Circuits.- Heavy-Ion Fragmentation Studies in Thick Water Absorbers.- Transport Methods and Interactions for Space Radiations.- HZE Reactions and Data-Base Development.- Plans for a New Ground Based Space Radiation Research Facility in the USA.- Radiation Exposure in Manned Space Flight, Risk Estimates, Protection.- Relating Space Radiation Environments to Risk Estimates.- Solar Particle Dose Rate Buildup and Distribution in Critical Body Organs.- Numerical Simulation of ‘DMSP’ Dosimeter Response.- The Relative Biological Effectiveness of Attenuated Protons.- Radiation: What Determines the Risk?.- Radiation Protection for Human Interplanetary Spaceflight and Planetary Surface Operations.- Experience, Lessons Learned and Methodology in the Design of Space Systems to Accommodate Total Dose and SEU Effects.- Radiological Operational Scenario for a Permanent Lunar Base.- Space Radiation Issues within the Space Exploration Initiative (SEI).- Participants.