Biological and Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials

This first comprehensive yet concise overview of all important classes of biological and pharmaceutical nanomaterials presents in one volume the different kinds of natural biological compounds that form nanomaterials or that may be used to purposefully create them. This unique single source of information brings together the many articles published in specialized journals, which often remain unseen by members of other, related disciplines. Covering pharmaceutical, nucleic acid, peptide and DNA-Chitosan nanoparticles, the book focuses on those innovative materials and technologies needed for the continued growth of medicine, healthcare, pharmaceuticals and human wellness. For chemists, biochemists, cell biologists, materials scientists, biologists, and those working in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries.

Table of Contents:
Preface. List of Contributors. I DNA-based Nanomaterials. 1. Self-assembled DNA Nanotubes (Thom LaBean and Sung Ha Park). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 DNA Nanotubes Self-assembled from DX Tiles. 1.3 3DAE-E DX Tile Nanotubes. 1.4 DAE-O DX Tile Nanotubes. 1.5 TX Tile Nanotubes. 1.6 4x4 Tile Nanotubes. 1.7 6HB Tile Nanotubes. 1.8 Applications. 1.9 Summary and Perspectives. References. 2. Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles (Guy Zuber, Be-ne-dicte Pons and Andrew W. Fraley). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The Chemical and Physical Properties of Therapeutic DNA. 2.3 Preparation of Nucleic Acid Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Characterization. 2.4 DNA Functionalization for Cell Recognition and Internalization. 2.5 DNA Nanoparticles: Sophistication for Cell Recognition and Internalization. 2.6 Concluding Remarks. References. 3. Lipoplexes (Sarah Weisman). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 DNA Lipoplexes. 3.3 ODN Lipoplexes. 3.4 siRNA Lipoplexes. Acknowledgments. References. 4. DNA-Chitosan Nanoparticles for Gene Therapy: Current Knowledge and Future Trends (Julio C. Fernandes, Marcio Jose Tiera and Francoise M. Winnik). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Chitosan as a Carrier for Gene Therapy. 4.3 Modified Chitosans: Strategies to Improve the Transfection Efficacy. 4.4 Methods of Preparation of Chitosan Nanoparticles. 4.5 DNA Loading into Nano- and Microparticles of Chitosan. 4.6 DNA Release and Release Kinetics. 4.7 Preclinical Evidence of Chitosan-DNA Complex Efficacy. 4.8 Potential Clinical Applications of Chitosan-DNA in Gene Therapy. 4.9 Conclusion. Acknowledgments. References. II Protein & Peptide-based Nanomaterials. 5. Plant Protein-based Nanoparticles (Anne-Marie Orecchioni, Cecile Duclairoir, Juan Manuel Irache and Evelyne Nakache). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Description of Plant Proteins. 5.3 Preparation of Protein Nanoparticles. 5.4 Drug Encapsulation in Plant Protein Nanoparticles. 5.5 Preparation of Ligand-Gliadin Nanoparticle Conjugates. 5.6 Bioadhesive Properties of Gliadin Nanoparticles. 5.7 Future Perspectives. 5.8 Conclusion. References. 6. Peptide Nanoparticles (Klaus Langer). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Starting Materials for the Preparation of Nanoparticles. 6.3 Preparation Methods. 6.4 Basic Characterization Techniques for Peptide Nanoparticles. 6.5 Drug Targeting with Nanoparticles. 6.6 Applications as Drug Carriers and for Diagnostic Purposes. 6.7 Immunological Reactions with Protein-based Microspheres. 6.8 Concluding Remarks. References. 7. Albumin Nanoparticles (Juan Manuel Irache and Socorro Espuelas). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Serum Albumin. 7.3 Preparation of Albumin Nanoparticles. 7.4 Biodistribution of Albumin Nanoparticles. 7.5 Pharmaceutical Applications. 7.6 Concluding Remarks. References. 8. Nanoscale Patterning of S-Layer Proteins as a Natural Self-assembly System (Margit Sara, D. Pum, C. Huber, N. Ilk, M. Pleschberger and U. B. Sleytr). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 General Properties of S-Layers. 8.3 Nanoscale Patterning of S-Layer Proteins. 8.4 Spatial Control over S-Layer Reassembly. 8.5 S-Layers as Templates for the Formation of Regularly Arranged Nanoparticles. 8.6 Conclusions and Outlook. Acknowledgments. References. III Pharmaceutically Important Nanomaterials. 9. Methods of Preparation of Drug Nanoparticles (Jonghwi Lee, Gio-Bin Lim and Hesson Chung). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Structures of Drug Nanoparticles. 9.3 Thermodynamic Approaches. 9.4 Mechanical Approaches. 9.5 SCF Approaches. 9.6 Electrostatic Approaches. References. 10. Production of Biofunctionalized Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Site-specific Drug Delivery (Rainer H. Mu ller, Eliana B. Souto, Torsten Go ppert and Sven Gohla). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Concept of Differential Adsorption. 10.3 Production of SLN. 10.4 Functionalization by Surface Modification. 10.5 Conclusions. References. 11. Biocompatible Nanoparticulate Systems for Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy (Mostafa Sadoqi, Sunil Kumar, Cesar Lau-Cam and Vishal Saxena). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Nanoscale Particulate Systems and their Building Blocks/Components. 11.3 Biodegradable Nanoparticles. 11.4 Biodegradable Optical Nanoparticles. 11.5 Optical Imaging and PDT. 11.6 PLGA-based Nanoparticulate Delivery System for ICG. 11.7 Conclusions and Future Work. References. 12. Nanoparticles for Crossing Biological Membranes (R. Pawar, A. Avramoff and A. J. Domb). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Cell Membranes. 12.3 Problems of Drugs Crossing through Biological Membranes. 12.4 Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery. 12.5 Nanoparticulate Delivery to the BBB. 12.6 Oral Nanoparticulate Delivery. References. Index.