Biomechanics of the Human Urinary Bladder

1 The Bladder as a Dynamic System

1.1 Anatomy of the human urinary bladder

1.2 Detrusor muscle

1.2.1 Morphology of smooth muscle

1.2.2 Electromechanical activity of the detrusor

1.2.3 Pacemaker activity

1.3 Neurohormonal regulatory system

1.3.1 Anatomical considerations

1.3.2 Neurotransmission

1.3.3 Electrophysiological characteristics of neurons

1.4 Morphofunctional states in the bladder

1.4.1 Bladder filling

1.4.2 Bladder voiding

References

2. Investigations into Biomechanics of the Bladder

2.1 Biomechanics of the detrusor

2.2 Modelling of the bladder

References

3 Geometry of Thin Shells

3.1 The bladder as a thin biological shell

3.2 Geometry of the shell

3.3 Tensor of affine deformation

3.4 Equations of continuity of deformations

3.5 Equations of equilibrium

References

4.1 Deformation of the shell

4.2 Principal deformations

4.3 Membrane forces

4.4 Principal membrane forces

4.5 Equations of motion in general curvilinear coordinates

4.6 Nets

4.7 Corollaries of the fundamental assumptions

References

5 Continual Model of the Detrusor

5.1 Basic assumptions

5.2 Model formulation

5.4 Special cases

References

6 A Model of the Detrusor Fasciculus

6.1 Formulation of the model

6.2 Physiological condition

6.3 Effects of pharmacological and extracellular ion changes on electromechanical activity of the detrusor

6.3.1 Changes in

6.3.2 L- and T-type channel antagonists

6.3.3 BK_Ca channel agonist/antagonist

6.3.4 K⁺ channel agonist/antagonist

6.3.5 - ATPase inhibitors

References

7 The Intrinsic Regulatory Pathways

7.1 Models of electrical activity of neurons

7.2 A model of neuronal assembly in the bladder

7.3 Response of the detrusor to stretching

7.4 Pharmacology of the neuronal pathway

7.4.1 Effect of iberiotoxin and charybdotoxin

7.4.2 Effect of ω-CgTX

7.4.3 Effect of TTX

7.4.4 Effect of purinoceptor agonists

7.4.5 Effect of protein kinase C activator

References

8 The Synaptic Transmission

8.1 A model of the synapse

8.2 cAMP-dependent pathway

8.3 PLC-dependent pathway

8.4 Physiological response

8.5 Variations in synaptic neurotransmission

8.5.1 Chloride salts of divalent cations

8.5.2 Change in [ ]

8.5.3 b - bungarotoxin

8.5.4 Botulinum toxin

8.5.5 Tetrodotoxin

8.5.7 Inhibition of neuronal uptake-1 mechanism

References

9 Pharmacology of Detrusor Activity

9.1 Classes of drugs

9.2 Current pharmacological therapies of bladder dysfunction

9.3 Model of competitive antagonist action

9.4 Model of allosteric interaction

9.5 Allosteric modulation of competitive agonist/antagonist action

9.6