Biomimicry Materials and Applications

BIOMIMICRY MATERIALS AND APPLICATIONS Since the concept of biomimetics was first developed in 1950, the practical applications of biomimetic materials have created a revolution from biotechnology to medicine and most industrial domains, and are the future of commercial work in nearly all fields. Biomimetic materials are basically synthetic materials or man-made materials which can mimic or copy the properties of natural materials. Scientists have created a revolution by mimicking natural polymers through semi-synthetic or fully synthetic methods. There are different methods to mimic a material, such as copying form and shape, copying the process, and finally mimicking at an ecosystem level. This book comprises a detailed description of the materials used to synthesize and form biomimetic materials. It describes the materials in a way that will be far more convenient and easier to understand. The editors have compiled the book so that it can be used in all areas of research, and it shows the properties, preparations, and applications of biomimetic materials currently being used. Readers of this volume will find that: It introduces the synthesis and formation of biomimetic materials; Provides a thorough overview of many industrial applications, such as textiles, management of plant disease detection, and various applications of electroactive polymers; Presents ideas on sustainability and how biomimicry fits within that arena; Deliberates the importance of biomimicry in novel materials. Audience This is a useful guide for engineers, researchers, and students who work on the synthesis, properties, and applications of existing biomimetic materials in academia and industrial settings.

Table of Contents:
Preface xi 1 Biomimetic Optics 1 Priya Karmakar, Kripasindhu Karmakar, Sk. Mehebub Rahaman, Sandip Kundu, Subhendu Dhibar, Ujjwal Mandal and Bidyut Saha 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 What is Biomimicry? 4 1.3 Step-by-Step Approach for Designing Biomimetic Optical Materials From Bioorganisms 6 1.3.1 Optical Structure Analysis in Biology 6 1.3.2 The Analysis of Optical Characteristics in Biological Materials 8 1.3.3 Optical Biomimetic Materials Fabrication Strategies 9 1.4 Biological Visual Systems--Animal and Human 10 1.4.1 Simple Eyes 10 1.4.2 Compound Eyes 12 1.4.2.1 Appositional Compound Eyes 12 1.4.2.2 Superpositional Compound Eyes 13 1.5. The Eye’s Optical and Neural Components 15 1.5.1 Cornea 15 1.5.2 Pupils 16 1.5.3 Lens 17 1.5.4 Retina 19 1.6 Application of Biomimetic Optics 20 1.6.1 Hybrid Optical Components are Meant to Resemble the Optical System of the Eye 20 1.6.2 Microlens With a Dual-Facet Design 21 1.6.3 Fiber Optics in Nature 23 1.6.4 Bioinspired Optical Device 24 1.6.4.1 Tunable Lenses Inspired by Nature 24 1.6.4.2 X-Ray Telescope 24 1.6.4.3 Bioinspired Sensors 25 1.7 Conclusion 26 2 Mimicry at the Material-Cell Interface 35 Rajiv Kumar and Neelam Chhillar 2.1 Cell and Material Interfaces 36 2.2 Host-Microbe Interactions and Interface Mimicry 38 2.3 Alterations in Characteristics and Mimicking of Extracellular Matrix 41 2.4 Mimicry, Manipulations, and Cell Behavior 43 2.5 Single-Cell Transcriptomics and Involution Mimicry 44 2.6 Molecular Mimicry and Disturbed Immune Surveillance 46 2.7 Surface Chemistry, and Cell-Material Interface 48 2.8 Cell Biology and Surface Topography 50 2.9 3D Extracellular Matrix Mimics and Materials Chemistry 51 2.10 Microbe Interactions and Interface Mimicry 53 2.11 Hijacking of the Host Interactome, and Imperfect Mimicry 56 2.12 Vasculogenic Mimicry and Tumor Angiogenesis 65 3 Bacteriocins of Lactic Acid Bacteria as a Potential Antimicrobial Peptide 83 Ajay Kumar, Rohit Ruhal and Rashmi Kataria 3.1 Introduction 83 3.2 Bacteriocins 85 3.3 Lactic Acid Bacteria 86 3.4 Classification of LAB Bacteriocins 87 3.4.1 Class I Bacteriocins or Lantibiotics 87 3.4.1.1 Class Ia 87 3.4.1.2 Class Ib 88 3.4.1.3 Class Ic or Antibiotics 88 3.4.1.4 Class Id 88 3.4.1.5 Class Ie 88 3.4.1.6 Class If 89 3.4.2 Class II Bacteriocins 89 3.4.3 Class III Bacteriocins 89 3.5 Mechanisms of LAB Bacteriocins to Inactivate Microbial Growth 89 3.5.1 Action on Cell Wall Synthesis 90 3.5.1.1 Pore Formation 90 3.5.1.2 Inhibition of Peptidoglycan Synthesis 91 3.5.2 Obstruction in Replication and Transcription 92 3.5.3 Inhibition in Protein Synthesis 92 3.5.4 Disruption of Membrane Structure 92 3.5.5 Disruption in Septum Formation 93 3.6 Antimicrobial Properties of LAB Bacteriocins 93 3.6.1 Antiviral Activity 93 3.6.2 Antibacterial Properties 94 3.6.3 Antifungal Activity 94 3.7 Applications 95 3.7.1 Bacteriocins in Packaging Film 95 3.7.2 Potential Use as Biopreservatives 95 3.7.3 Bacteriocins as Antibiofilm 95 3.7.4 Applications in Foods Industries 96 3.8 Conclusion 96 4 A Review on Emergence of a Nature-Inspired Polymer-Polydopamine in Biomedicine 105 Lakshmi Nidhi Rao, Arun M. Isloor, Aditya Shetty and Pallavi K.C. 4.1 Introduction 106 4.2 Structure of PDA 107 4.3 Polydopamine as a Biomedical Material 108 4.4 Polydopamine as a Biomedical Adhesive 109 4.5 Availability of Polydopamine and its Biomedical Applications 110 4.6 Polydopamine Coatings of Nanomaterials 111 4.7 Polydopamine-Based Capsules 112 4.8 Polydopamine Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites 112 4.9 Polydopamine Properties 113 4.9.1 Cell Adhesion 113 4.9.2 Mineralization and Bone Regeneration 114 4.9.3 Blood Compatibility 117 4.9.4 Antimicrobial Effect 117 4.10 Dental Applications 118 4.11 Dental Adhesives 118 4.11.1 Tooth Mineralization 119 4.12 Conclusions 120 5 Application of Electroactive Polymer Actuator: A Brief Review 127 Dillip Kumar Biswal 5.1 Introduction 128 5.2 Chronological Summary of the Evolution of EAP Actuator 128 5.3 Electroactive Polymer Actuators Groups 129 5.3.1 Ionic Electroactive Polymers 130 5.3.2 Electronic Electroactive Polymers 131 5.4 Application of Electroactive Polymer Actuators 132 5.4.1 Soft Robotic Actuator Applications 133 5.4.2 Underwater Applications 133 5.4.3 Aerospace Applications 134 5.4.4 Energy Harvesting Applications 135 5.4.5 Healthcare and Biomedical Applications 135 5.4.6 Shape Memory Polymer Applications 136 5.4.7 Smart Window Applications 137 5.4.8 Wearable Electronics Applications 137 5.5 Conclusion 138 6 Bioinspired Hydrogels Through 3D Bioprinting 147 Farnaz Niknam, Vahid Rahmanian, Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Aziz Babapoor and Chin Wei Lai 6.1 Introduction 148 6.2 Bioinspiration 150 6.3 3D Bioprinting 151 6.3.1 Inkjet Bioprinting 151 6.3.2 Extrusion Printing 154 6.4 Hydrogels as Inks for 3D Bioprinting 156 6.5 Polymers Used for Bioinspired Hydrogels 157 6.5.1 Alginate 157 6.5.2 Cellulose 159 6.5.3 Chitosan 161 6.5.4 Fibrin 161 6.5.5 Silk 163 6.6 Conclusion 164 7 Electroactive Polymer Actuator-Based Refreshable Braille Displays 169 Pooja Mohapatra, Lipsa Shubhadarshinee and Aruna Kumar Barick 7.1 Introduction 170 7.2 Refreshable Braille Display 172 7.3 Electroactive Polymers 173 7.4 EAP-Based Braille Actuator 175 7.5 Conclusions 177 8 Materials Biomimicked From Natural Ones 179 Carlo Santulli 8.1 Introduction 179 8.2 Damage-Tolerant Ceramics 182 8.2.1 General Considerations 182 8.2.2 Nacre 183 8.2.3 Tooth Enamel 185 8.3 Protein-Based Materials With Tailored Properties 185 8.3.1 General Considerations 185 8.3.2 Dragline Silk 186 8.3.3 Fish Scales 187 8.4 Polymers Fit for Easy Junction/Self-Cleaning 188 8.4.1 General Considerations 188 8.4.2 Gecko for No-Glue Adhesion 189 8.4.3 Blue Mussel for Development of Specific Adhesives 190 8.4.4 Shark Skin for Functional Surfaces 190 8.5 Recent Prototype Developments on Materials Biomimicked from Natural Ones 191 8.6 Conclusions 192 9 Novel Biomimicry Techniques for Detecting Plant Diseases 199 Adeshina Fadeyibi and Mary Fadeyibi 9.1 Introduction 200 9.2 Preharvest Biomimicry Detection Techniques 201 9.2.1 Remote Sensing Technique Approach 201 9.2.2 Machine Vision and Fuzzy Logic Approaches 202 9.2.3 Robotics Approach 203 9.3 Postharvest Biomimicry Detection Techniques 204 9.3.1 Neural Network Approach 204 9.3.2 Support Vector Machine Approach 206 9.4 Prospects and Conclusion 208 10 Biomimicry for Sustainable Structural Mimicking in Textile Industries 215 Mira Chares Subash and Muthiah Perumalsamy 10.1 Introduction 215 10.2 Examples of Biomimicry Fabrics 216 10.2.1 Algae Fiber 216 10.2.2 Mushroom Leather 217 10.2.3 Fabric Mimics 219 10.2.4 Bacterial Pigments 219 10.2.5 Orange Fabrics 219 10.2.6 Protein Couture 221 10.2.7 Natural Fiber Fabrics 221 10.3 Fabric Production from Biomaterial 223 10.3.1 Soy Fabric 223 10.3.2 Cotton Fabric 224 10.3.3 Supima Fabric 224 10.3.4 Pima Fabric 225 10.3.5 Wool Fabric 226 10.3.6 Hemp Fabric 227 10.4 Current Methods of Biomimicry Materials 228 10.5 Future of Biomimicry 229 10.6 Benefits of Biomimicry 229 10.6.1 Sustainability 229 10.6.2 Perform Welt 229 10.6.3 Energy Saving 230 10.6.4 Cut-Resistant Costs 230 10.6.5 Eliminate Waste 230 10.6.6 New Product Derivation 230 10.6.7 Disrupt Traditional Thinking 230 10.6.8 Adaptability to Climate 231 10.6.9 Nourish Curiosity 231 10.6.10 Leverage Collaboration 231 10.7 Conclusion 231 References 232 Index 235