1 Introduction and Background Information
1.1 Introduction..........................................................................................
1.2 Common Prejudices Against Enzymes...............................................
1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biocatalysts..................................
1.3.1 Advantages of Biocatalysts........................................................
1.3.2 Disadvantages of Biocatalysts...................................................
1.3.3 Isolated Enzymes vs. Whole Cell Systems.........................
1.4 Enzyme Properties and Nomenclature...............................................
1.4.1 Structural Biology in a Nutshell..............................
1.4.2 Mechanistic Aspects of Enzyme Catalysis...........................
1.4.3 Classification and Nomenclature............................................
1.4.4 Coenzymes.......................................................................
1.4.5 Enzyme Sources..............................................................
References..... ...................................................................................
2 Biocatalytic Applications
2.1 Hydrolytic Reactions..........................................................................
2.1.1 Mechanistic and Kinetic Aspects.............................................
2.1.2 Hydrolysis of the Amide Bond................................................
2.1.3 Ester Hydrolysis.......................................................................
2.1.3.1 Esterases and Proteases.............................................
2.1.3.2 Lipases.......................................................................
2.1.3.3 Hydrolysis of Lactones.......................................................................
2.1.4 Hydrolysis and Formation of Phosphate Esters......................
2.1.5 Hydrolysis of Epoxides...........................................................
2.1.6 Hydrolysis of Nitriles..............................................................
2.2 Reduction Reactions..........................................................................2.2.1 Recycling of Cofactors............................................................
2.2.2 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones Using Isolated Enzymes.....................................................
2.2.3 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones Using Whole Cells....
2.2.4 Reduction of C=N Bonds .......................
2.2.5 Reduction of C=C-Bonds .......................
2.3 Oxidation Reactions..........................................................................
2.3.1 Oxidation of Alcohols and Aldehydes...................................
2.3.2 Oxidation of Amines ...................................
2.3.3 Oxygenation Reactions...........................................................
2.3.3.1 Hydroxylation of Alkanes........................................
2.3.3.2 Hydroxylation of Aromatic Compounds.................
2.3.3.3 Epoxidation of Alkenes............................................
2.3.3.4 Sulfoxidation Reactions............................................
2.3.3.5 Baeyer-Villiger Reactions.........................................
2.3.3.6 Formation of Hydroperoxides.............................................
2.3.3.7 Dihydroxylation of Aromatic
About the Author:
Kurt Faber obtained his PhD in synthetic organic chemistry at the University of Graz in 1982. He then became a postdoctoral fellow at the Memorial University of Newfoundland. After moving to TU Graz as an University assistant, Faber was a visiting senior scientist at the University of Tokyo and at Exeter University. In 1990 he received his habilitation in Organic Chemistry at the Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Technology Graz where he was appointed to Associate Professor in 1997, in the following year he moved to the Institute of Organic Chemistry at the University of Graz where he holds a full professorship. Faber's career was supplemented by becoming a visiting senior scientist at the University of Trondheim, Stockholm University, the University of Minnesota and the ESPCI in Paris.
