This monograph looks at the complexity, dynamic nature, and challenges associated with Command and Control (C2) in Stability and Support Operations (SASO). Since its inception, the Army has been conducting SASO in both foreign and domestic environments. However, doctrine and institutional knowledge regarding such operations has gone largely ignored due to the overshadowing legacy and mindset of the cold-war warrior. Today's Army is engaged more than ever in SASO, and will likely continue such missions in the future. The formulation and application of a coherent Army doctrine, specifically C2, regarding such operations will help guide the force into the next century. The U.S. Military Support Group-Panama (USMSG-PM) provides a historical model that could be used to shape future SASO C2 doctrine. First, this study looks at US Army and Joint doctrine regarding SASO and C2, to include the evolution and historical influences that continue to shape emerging doctrine. Secondly, historical background is explored regarding the nature of the US Military Advisory Command-Vietnam and how this influenced the formation of the USMSG-PM. Thirdly, the nature of the USMSG-PM is analyzed to determine the effectiveness of the C2 apparatus and to identify challenges and advantages of such an organization in a SASO environment. Implications and conclusions of the PROMOTE LIBERTY experience are then scrutinized to identify lessons learned in order to enhance and contribute to the institutional body of literature in the formulation of US doctrine regarding command and control in SASO. It is suggested that the primacy of the political aim and adaptability should form the cornerstones of command and control doctrine in SASO. The military C2 apparatus inevitably becomes part of the political equation due to the complexity and seamless nature of such missions. To aid in meeting the overarching strategy, SASO C2 organizations require forethought and integration with the initial plan and amongst interagencies. The USMSG-PM offers a framework for SASO C2 by incorporating into doctrine the concept of an established, joint nucleus that could be modified and tailored based on the situation. This core element could be comprised of both military and civilian personnel versed in the unique components of SASO, ready to provide a rapid response to emerging situations and able to train augmentees and units tasked for support. This would allow deployed units to focus on the mission rather than the construction of the SASO C2 infrastructure. As the U.S. Army forges its way into the 21st Century, it is challenged to look at models from the past and develop relevant, effective C2 in SASO.