A Companion to Epistemology

With nearly 300 entries on key concepts, review essays on central issues, and self-profiles by leading scholars, this companion is the most comprehensive and up-to-date single volume reference guide to epistemology. Epistemology from A-Z is comprised of 296 articles on important epistemological concepts that have been extensively revised to bring the volume up-to-date, with many new and re-written entries reflecting developments in the field Includes 20 new self-profiles by leading epistemologists Contains 10 new review essays on central issues of epistemology

Table of Contents:
List of Contributors xiii Preface to the First Edition xix Preface to the Second Edition xxiii Part I Ten Review Essays 1 Skepticism and Closure Anthony Brueckner 3 Contextualism Richard Feldman 12 Foundations and Coherence Michael Huemer 22 Recent Work on the Internalism–Externalism Controversy Laurence BonJour 33 A Priori Knowledge Albert Casullo 43 The Common Sense Tradition Noah Lemos 53 The Power of Perception Peter Markie 62 Virtue Epistemology John Greco 75 Social Epistemology Alvin Goldman 82 Bayesian Epistemology Alan Hájek and Stephan Hartmann 93 Part II Twenty Epistemological Self-profiles 107 Robert Audi 109 Laurence BonJour 114 Stewart Cohen 118 Earl Conee and Richard Feldman 123 Fred Dretske 130 Richard Foley 134 Richard Fumerton 139 Alvin I. Goldman 144 Gilbert Harman 152 Peter Klein 156 Hilary Kornblith 163 Keith Lehrer 168 Alvin Plantinga 173 John Pollock 178 Ernest Sosa 185 Barry Stroud 190 Michael Williams 194 Timothy Williamson 199 Crispin Wright 204 Linda Zagzebski 210 Part III Epistemology from A to Z 217 (Entries without author list cross references) A 219 a priori/a posteriori Albert Casullo 219 abduction Christopher Hookway 221 absurdity Robert S. Tragesser 221 Academy (Plato) Nicholas P. White 221 act/object analysis Michael Pendlebury 222 adverbial theory Michael Pendlebury 222 agnosticism Alvin Plantinga 223 Alston, William P. (1921–2009) Robert Audi 223 analyticity Jerrold J. Katz 224 anamnesis Nicholas P. White 230 antinomy Robert S. Tragesser 230 apodeictic Robert S. Tragesser 231 aporia Robert S. Tragesser 231 apperception David McNaughton 231 Aquinas, Thomas (1225–74) Scott MacDonald 231 argument Albert Casullo 235 argument from analogy Jonathan Dancy 235 argument from illusion Richard Fumerton 236 Aristotle (384–322 BC) Terence Irwin 240 Armstrong, David M. (1926–) Adrian Heathcote 244 association Barry Stroud 245 ataraxia Charlotte Stough 245 Augustine, St (354–430) Scott MacDonald 245 Austin, John L(angshaw) (1911–60) Graham Bird 247 avowals David Pears 249 axiomatization, axiomatics Robert S. Tragesser 249 Ayer, A(lfred) J(ules) (1910–89) Graeme Forbes 250 B 253 Bacon, Francis, Lord Verulam (1561–1626) G. A. J. Rogers 253 basic belief Matthias Steup 253 behaviourism Edward Erwin 254 belief John Heil 254 belief in and belief that John Heil 259 Bergmann, Gustav (1906–87) Laird Addis 260 Berkeley, George (1685–1753) Michael Ayers 261 Blanshard, Brand (1892–1987) Michael Williams 264 Brentano, Franz (1838–1917) R. M. Chisholm 265 burden of proof Douglas N. Walton 266 C 267 Carnap, Rudolf (1891–1970) Wesley C. Salmon 267 Cartesianism John Cottingham 268 causal theories in epistemology Carl Ginet 268 certainty Peter D. Klein 272 Chisholm, Roderick (1916–99) Richard Foley 275 circular reasoning Douglas N. Walton 277 cogito John Cottingham 277 coherentism Keith Lehrer 278 collective belief Margaret Gilbert 281 commonsensism and critical cognitivism Noah H. Lemos 282 concepts Christopher Peacocke 285 Continental epistemology Linda Alcoff 287 convention Robert S. Tragesser 292 conversational implicature Duncan Pritchard 293 criteria and knowledge Bruce Hunter 294 criterion, canon Bruce Hunter 298 critical cognitivism 299 D 300 Davidson, Donald (1930–2003) Ernest Lepore 300 death of epistemology Michael Williams 301 defeasibility Bruce Hunter 304 definition Robert S. Tragesser 305 Derrida, Jacques (1930–2004) Samuel C. Wheeler III 306 Descartes, René (1596–1650) John Cottingham 306 Dewey, John (1859–1952) Peter H. Hare 310 dialectic (Hegel) Kenneth R. Westphal 312 dialectic (Plato) Nicholas P. White 313 different constructions in terms of “knows” Jaakko Hintikka 313 direct realism L. S. Carrier 318 disposition John Heil 322 dogmatism Alvin Plantinga 322 doxastic voluntarism Sharon Ryan 322 Dutch book argument 325 E 326 empiricism Bruce Hunter 326 Epicurus (c.341–271 BC) Phillip Mitsis 331 epistemic deontologism Sharon Ryan 332 epistemic luck Mylan Engel 336 epistemic supervenience John Turri 340 epistemic virtue Guy Axtell 343 epoche Dagfinn Follesdal 347 essence (Husserl) Dagfinn Follesdal 347 essence (Plato) Nicholas P. White 348 essentialism 348 ethics and epistemology Jonathan Dancy 348 evidence Richard Feldman 349 evolutionary argument against naturalism Omar Mirza 351 evolutionary epistemology Edward Stein 354 existence Christopher Hookway 356 experience, theories of Michael Pendlebury 357 explanation Wesley C. Salmon 361 external world 364 externalism/internalism Laurence BonJour 364 F 369 fact/value Robert Audi 369 fallibilism Adam Leite 370 feminist epistemology Lorraine Code 375 first philosophy Christopher Hookway 380 Firth, Roderick (1917–87) John Troyer 380 Foucault, Michel (1926–84) Linda Alcoff 381 foundationalism William P. Alston 382 Frege, Gottlob (1848–1925) David Bell 385 Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939) Jim Hopkins 387 G 389 Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1900–2002) Linda Alcoff 389 genetic epistemology Richard F. Kitchener 389 genetic fallacy Douglas N. Walton 393 geometry Wesley C. Salmon 393 Gettier problem Paul K. Moser 395 given, the Alan H. Goldman 397 Goodman, Nelson (1906–98) Catherine Z. Elgin 400 Grice, H. Paul (1913–88) Richard E. Grandy 402 H 404 Habermas, Jürgen (1929–) Hans-Johann Glock 404 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831) Kenneth R. Westphal 405 Heidegger, Martin (1889–1976) Charles Guignon 408 Hempel, Carl Gustav (1905–97) Jaegwon Kim 409 Hempel’s paradox of the ravens Peter Achinstein 410 hermeneutics Charles Guignon 412 Hintikka, Jaakko (1929–) Risto Hilpinen 413 historical knowledge Jack W. Meiland 414 historicism David Bakhurst 416 Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679) Tom Sorell 417 holism Christopher Hookway 420 Hume, David (1711–76) Barry Stroud 420 Husserl, Edmund (1859–1938) Dagfinn Follesdal 423 I 425 idea R. S. Woolhouse 425 idealism Nicholas Rescher 425 ideology David Bakhurst 429 illusion 431 immediacy, presence Alan H. Goldman 431 in itself/for itself M. Okrent 432 incorrigibility William P. Alston 433 indeterminacy of reference Christopher Hookway 433 indeterminacy of translation Christopher Hookway 434 Indian epistemology J. N. Mohanty 434 indubitability William P. Alston 438 induction, problem of 438 induction: enumerative and hypothetical Gilbert Harman 438 infallibility William P. Alston 444 inference Robert S. Tragesser 444 inference to the best explanation Richard Fumerton 445 infinite regress argument John F. Post 447 informal fallacies Douglas N. Walton 450 innate ideas G. A. J. Rogers 454 introspection Vrinda Dalmiya 456 intuition and deduction Robert S. Tragesser 460 intuition in epistemology Bruce Russell 464 isostheneia Charlotte Stough 468 J 469 James, William (1842–1910) Peter H. Hare 469 judgement John Heil 470 justification Matthias Steup 471 K 472 Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804) James van Cleeve 472 KK-thesis Risto Hilpinen 476 knower paradox 476 knowledge 476 knowledge and belief Steven Luper 476 knowledge by acquaintance/by description David B. Martens 479 knowledge how, who, why etc. 482 knowledge-seeking by questioning Jaakko Hintikka 483 L 487 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646–1716) R. C. Sleigh, JR 487 Lewis, Clarence Irving (1883–1964) John Troyer 489 limits of human knowledge Nicholas Rescher 490 linguistic understanding Christopher Peacocke 492 literature and knowledge Paisley Livingston 497 Locke, John (1632–1704) R. S. Woolhouse 500 logical construction R. M. Sainsbury 503 logical empiricism 504 logical positivism Barry Stroud 504 logicism David Bell 506 lottery paradox Jonathan Vogel 506 luck, epistemic 511 M 512 Marxism David Bakhurst 512 mathematical knowledge Mark Steiner 514 memory Tom Senor 520 Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (1908–61) John J. Compton 524 methodology Wesley C. Salmon 525 Mill, John Stuart (1806–73) John Skorupski 525 Molyneux’s problem Steve Smith 527 Montaigne, Michel de (1533–92) Richard H. Popkin 528 Moore, G(eorge) E(dward) (1873–1958) Thomas Baldwin 529 Moore’s paradox Roy A. Sorensen 531 moral epistemology Jonathan Dancy 532 myth of the given 537 N 538 naïve realism 538 natural science, epistemology of Wesley C. Salmon 538 naturalism Philip Pettit 542 naturalized epistemology Hilary Kornblith 543 necessary/contingent David Blumenfeld 546 necessity, modal knowledge Albert Casullo 547 Neoplatonism S. Strange 548 Neurath, Otto (1882–1945) Andy Hamilton 549 Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844–1900) Alexander Nehamas 551 nihilism 552 noumenal/phenomenal James van Cleve 552 Nozick, Robert (1940–2002) Sherrilyn Roush 554 Nyvya J. N. Mohanty 556 O 558 objective/subjective Robert Audi 558 objectivity David Bell 559 Ockham, William of (c.1285–1347) Marilyn McCord Adams 562 ontological commitment Christopher Hookway 563 ontological relativity Christopher Hookway 564 ostensive definition P. M. S. Hacker 564 other minds Akeel Bilgrami 566 P 572 paradox Jonathan Vogel 572 paradox of the knower C. Anthony Anderson 572 paradoxes of analysis Felicia Ackerman 574 paranormal knowledge Patrick Grim 577 Peirce, Charles S. (1839–1914) Christopher Hookway 580 perceptual knowledge Fred Dretske 581 perspectivism 586 phenomenalism Richard Fumerton 586 phenomenology Charles Guignon 590 philosophical knowledge Felicia Ackerman 590 Plato (c.429–347 BC) Nicholas White 593 Popper, Karl (1902–94) Anthony O’Hear 597 positivism 599 pragmatism Susan Hack 599 preface paradox Earl Conee 604 presence 606 presocratic epistemology J. H. Lesher 606 prima facie reasons Jonathan Dancy 609 primary and secondary qualities Barry Stroud 609 principle of charity Ernest Lepore 613 principle of contradiction Robert S. Tragesser 613 principle of credulity William P. Alston 614 principle of identity Robert A. Tragesser 615 private language argument P. M. S. Hacker 616 probability, theories of Brian Skyrms 622 problem of the criterion Matthias Steup 626 problem of the external world George Pappas 628 problem of induction 634 problem of other minds 634 problem of rule-following Philip Pettit 634 problems of induction Laurence BonJour 638 projection, projectibility Catherine Z. Elgin 643 proof Robert S. Tragesser 643 propositional knowledge Robert K. Shope 644 protocol sentences Andy Hamilton 649 psychologism David Bell 649 psychology and epistemology Edward Erwin 649 Putnam, Hilary (1926–) Thomas Tymoczko 654 Pyrrhonism Charlotte Stough 655 Q 657 Quine, Willard Van Orman (1908–2000) Christopher Hookway 657 R 659 rationalism Edwin Curley 659 rationality L. Jonathan Cohen 663 realism Philip Pettit 668 reasons/causes Robert Audi 672 Reichenbach, Hans (1891–1953) Wesley C. Salmon 673 Reid, Thomas (1710–96) Keith Lehrer 674 reification, hypostatization Christopher Hookway 676 relativism Harvey Siegel 676 relevant alternatives Stewart Cohen 678 reliabilism Alvin Goldman 681 religious belief, epistemology of Alvin Plantinga 692 religious belief, epistemology of – recent developments Michael Bergmann 697 representation Robert Cummins 699 representative realism Frank Jackson 702 Rescher, Nicholas (1928–) Robert Almeder 705 Rorty, Richard (1931–2007) Michael Williams 706 rule-following 707 Russell, Bertrand Arthur William (1872–1970) R. M. Sainsbury 707 Ryle, Gilbert (1900–76) Graham Bird 709 S 712 safety 712 Santayana, George (1863–1952) John Lachs 712 Sartre, Jean-Paul (1905–80) Gregory McCulloch 713 scepticism Peter D. Klein 714 scepticism, contemporary Peter D. Klein 715 scepticism, modern Richard Popkin 719 Schlick, Moritz (1882–1936) Andy Hamilton 722 scientia media 723 self-consciousness Vrinda Dalmiya 723 self-evidence Alan H. Goldman 723 self-knowledge and self-identity Sydney Shoemaker 724 self-presenting Alan H. Goldman 726 Sellars, Wilfrid (1912–89) Jay Rosenberg 727 sensation/cognition Fred Dretske 729 sense-data Alan H. Goldman 732 sensitivity and safety Duncan Pritchard 732 Sextus Empiricus Charlotte Stough 736 simplicity Elliott Sober 738 social sciences, epistemology of Fred D’Agostino 739 sociology of knowledge David Bloor 744 Socrates 747 solipsism Clive Borst 747 Spinoza, Benedict (also Baruch) (1632–77) Don Garrett 749 Stoic epistemology J. V. Allen 750 Strawson, Peter Frederick (1919–2006) P. F. Snowdon 753 strong programme David Bloor 754 Suárez, Francisco (1548–1617) Jorge J. E. Gracia 755 subjectivism Richard Foley 756 subjectivity Christopher Peacocke 758 supervenience 760 surprise examination paradox Roy A. Sorensen 760 T 763 tabula rasa R. S. Woolhouse 763 testimony Jennifer Lackey 763 theory Wesley C. Salmon 768 transcendental arguments A. C. Grayling 768 tripartite definition of knowledge Paul K. Moser 771 truth, theories of Paul Horwich 772 truths of reason/truths of fact David Blumenfeld 777 U 779 underdetermination of theory Christopher Hookway 779 use/mention Matthias Steup 779 V 780 verificationism Barry Stroud 780 Vico, Giambattista (1668–1744) Leon Pompa 780 Vienna Circle Andy Hamilton 782 W 783 Whitehead, Alfred North (1861–1947) Donald W. Sherburne 783 Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1889–1951) David Pears 783 Z 788 zebras and cleverly disguised mules Mylan Engel 788 Index 793