About the Book

Written as per syllabus prescribed by the Indian Nursing Council (INC).
The protocols, procedures and practices of Foundation of Nursing are organized in a standardized way, which can be modified to the individual pattern.
It is comprehensive and easy to understand with its lucid language.
It can be used as a quick reference for studying concepts, procedures and theories, which are parts of foundations of nursing.
It will help the students with revision of subject before theory and practical examinations.
Nurse educators can also use it as a reference material, especially, the sections on procedures and nursing theories.
An introductory textbook for Revised General Nursing Midwifery (RGNM), Basic BSc, Post-Basic and MSc (Nursing) students.

About the Author

Rebecca Nissanka RN RM BSc (Nursing) MSc (Nursing) MA (Sociology) PhD

Table of Contents:
Contents 1. Introduction: Concept of Health 1 Definition of Health 1 Determinants of Health 2 Health-Illness Continuum Model 2 Factors Influencing Health 3 Causes and Risk Factors for Developing Illness 4 Body Defenses—Immunity and Immunization 4 Illness and Illness Behavior 6 Illness 8 Illness Behavior 8 Impact of Illness on the Patient and Family 9 Health Care Services 10 Health Care Delivery System 10 Health Promotion, Wellness and Illness Prevention 10 Important of Nurses 11 Role of Nurses 11 Levels of Prevention or Levels of Preventive Care 11 Primary Care 12 Rehabilitation 13 Philosophy of Rehabilitation 13 Health Care Team 14 Primary Health Care and its Delivery 16 2. Nursing as a Profession 18 Definition of Professions 18 Characteristics of a Profession 18 Nursing 19 Concept of Nursing 19 Fundamentals of Nursing 20 Philosophy of Nursing 21 Characteristics of Nursing Practice 21 Meaning 22 Nature and Scope of Nursing Practices 23 The Five Essential Steps in Carrying Out Every Procedure 24 Categories of Nursing Personnel 25 Health Care Services 26 Nursing as a Profession 26 History of Nursing in India 27 Values Clarification and Values in Professional Nursing Caring and Advocacy 28 Code of Ethics for Nurses 29 Ethical Issues in Health Care 31 Ethical Dilemma in Nursing 32 3. Hospital Admission and Discharge 34 Admission of a Patient to a Hospital 34 Unit and its Preparation, Admission Bed 34 Discharge from the Hospital 35 Transfer of the Patient 35 4. Communication and Nurse-Patient Relationship 37 Communication 37 Basic Elements of Communication Process 38 Types of Communication—By Potter and Perry 39 Factors Influencing Communication 40 Barriers to Effective Communication 42 Helping Relationships (Nurse-Patient Relationship) 43 Dimensions of Helping Relationships 43 Phases of Helping Relationship 43 Maintain Effective Human Relations with Special Reference to Communicating with Vulnerable Groups 45 Communication Skills or Abilities of the Nurse 47 Patient Teaching/Health Education 47 5. The Nursing Process 50 Critical Thinking; Thinking and Learning 51 Levels of Critical Thinking in Nursing 52 Nursing Process 52 Therapeutic Communication Techniques 53 6. Documentation and Reporting 57 Documentation 57 Common Record Keeping Forms 58 Reporting 59 Prelims.indd 13 8/22/2015 2:48:33 PM Comprehensive Textbook of Foundation of Nursing xiv 7. Vital Signs 61 Guidelines for Taking Vital Signs 61 Body Temperature: Physiology, Regulation Thermal Regulation 61 Assessment of Body Temperature 64 Advantages and Disadvantages of Selected Temperature Measurement Sites 65 Temperature Alterations 67 Heat and Cold Therapy 68 Hot Application 71 Hot Water Bag 72 Infrared Therapy 73 Hot Fomentation 74 Steam Inhalation 75 Soak or Local Bath 76 Sitz Bath 77 Counterirritants 78 Pulse 79 Respiration Physiology and Regulation 81 Characteristics of Respiration 82 Factors Affecting Respiration 84 Characteristics of Respiration 85 Assessment of Respiration 85 Alterations in Respiration 86 Blood Pressure 86 Physiology and Regulation of Blood Pressure 86 Factors Influencing Blood Pressure 87 Assessment of Blood Pressure 88 Alterations in Blood Pressure 89 8. Health Assessment 91 Purposes 91 Process 91 Health History 91 General Assessment 94 Auscultation 97 General Assessment of Each Body System 97 Ears and Hearing 101 Nose and Sinuses 102 Mouth 102 Neck 102 Lymph Nodes 103 Breasts (Male and Female) 104 Thorax and Lungs 104 Heart 107 Peripheral Circulation 108 Abdomen 109 Liver 110 Spleen 110 Kidney 110 Male Genitalia and Hernias 110 Female Genitalia 111 Rectum 112 Musculoskeletal System 113 Neurologic System 113 Cranial Nerve Function 114 Visual Acuity 114 Visual Fields 114 Fifth (Trigeminal) Nerve 114 Motor 114 Seventh Facial Nerve 115 Eighth (Acoustic) Nerve 115 Ninth (Glossopharyngeal) and Tenth (Vagus) Nerves 115 Eleventh (Spinal Accessory) Nerve 115 Twelfth (Hypoglossal) Nerve 115 Cerebellar Functions 115 Motor Function 115 Sensory Function 116 Deep Tendon Reflexes 116 Triceps Tendon 116 Brachioradialis Tendon 116 Lower Extremities 117 9. Machinery, Equipment and Linen 118 Taking Care of Patient’s Unit 118 Taking Care of Patient’s Equipment 120 Material Management with Special Reference to Equipment and Drugs 123 10. Meeting Needs of Patients: Basic Needs (Activities of Daily Living) 127 Providing Safe and Clean Environment 127 Hygiene 129 Assisting in Oral Hygiene for a Conscious Patient 131 Performing Oral Care for an Unconscious Patient 132 Performing a Bed Shampoo/Hair Wash 133 The Eyes, Ears and Nose 134 Performing an Eye Care 134 Prelims.indd 14 8/22/2015 2:48:34 PM Contents xv Preparing an Open Bed/Unoccupied Bed 134 Preparing an Occupied Bed 136 Preparing a Postoperative Bed 137 Preparing a Cardiac Bed 137 Comfort, Rest and Sleep 138 Sleep 140 Nutrition 142 Administration of Total Parenteral Nutrition 147 Urinary Elimination 149 Condom Drainage 156 Providing Genital Care/ Hygienic Perineal Care 156 Care of Urinary Drainage 160 Removing an Indwelling Urinary Catheter 160 Care of Urinary Diversions 162 Bladder Irrigation 163 Bowel Elimination 164 Collecting a Stool Specimen for Routine Examination 166 Passing a Flatus Tube 167 Enema 167 Suppository 170 Care of Ostomies 172 Performing a Colostomy Irrigation 173 Mobility and Immobility 174 Normal Mobility 175 Alteration in Body Alignment and Mobility 178 Supine/Dorsal Position 182 Dorsal Recumbent Position 183 Lithotomy Position 183 Prone Position 183 Lateral Position 184 Sim’s Position 184 Chest/Genupectoral Position 184 Trendelenburg’s Position 184 Fowler’s Position 185 Moving, Lifting Transferring and Walking 185 Lifting Criteria 185 Restraints 187 Oxygen Inhalations 189 Maintenance of Patent Airway 191 Tracheostomy Suctioning 192 Care of Water Seal Chest Drainage 193 Care of Clients with Chest Tubes 197 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 198 Inhalations 202 Pulse Oximetry 202 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance and Disturbance 204 Measuring Intake and Output (Fluid Intake) 220 Performing a Venipuncture 221 Administration of Blood (Blood Transfusion) 222 Restriction of Fluids 224 Cultural Aspects of Care 224 Implications for Practice 224 Psychosocial Needs 224 Infection Control 230 11. Infection Control in Clinical Settings 230 Methods of Transmission of Infection 230 Nature of Infection 231 Chain of Infection Transmission 231 Course of Infection by Stage 232 Defenses Against Infection: Natural and Acquired 232 Hospital Acquired Infection (Nosocomial Infection) 235 Concept of Asepsis 237 Surgical Antisepsis (Scrub) 238 Personal Protecting Equipment, Types, Uses and Technique of Wearing and Removing 240 Decontamination of Equipment and Unit-Routine Cleaning 241 Sterilizing/Disinfecting the Sterility 244 Standard Safety Precautions Universal Precautions 249 Transmission-based Precautions 251 Biomedical Waste Management Importance 253 Nurse’s Role and Responsibility in Biomedical Waste 254 Sources of Biomedical Waste 254 Decontamination, Segregation, Transportation and Disposal of Hospital Waste 255 12. Administration of Medication 257 Purposes of Medication 257 General Principles 257 Rights of Medication 257 Safety in Administering Medications and Medication Errors 257 Routes of Administration 258 Storage and Maintenance of Drugs and Nurses Responsibility 258 Prelims.indd 15 8/22/2015 2:48:34 PM Comprehensive Textbook of Foundation of Nursing xvi Types of Medication Action 259 Factors Influencing Drug Action 259 Systems of Drug Measurement 259 Converting Measurement Units 261 Dose on Hand 262 Oral Medication 265 Administration of Parenteral Medications 266 Routes of Parenteral Therapies 267 Intradermal Injection 268 Subcutaneous Injection 269 Intramuscular Injection 270 Intravenous Injection 272 Intravenous Infusions 273 Venipuncture Site 274 Advance Techniques 276 Topical Administration Application to Mucous Membrane 279 Instillations—Ear, Eye, Nasal, Bladder and Rectal 279 Irrigations—Eye, Ear, Nasal and Bladder (Dealt Elsewhere) 281 Inhalations 284 13. Meeting Needs of Perioperative Patients 289 Operation Theater Design 289 Planning the Theater Complex 289 Perioperative Nursing 289 Preoperative Phase–II 292 Intraoperative Care 296 Postoperative Care 301 Care of the Wound 306 Dressing 307 Applying Adhesive Straps 308 Suture Care 309 Care of Drainage 312 Application of Bandages 312 Applying Roller Bandage 314 Abdominal Binder 315 14. Meeting Special Needs of the Patients 316 Sensorium (Unconsciousness) Assessment and Management 316 Care of Patients having Alterations in Urinary Elimination 317 Functioning of Sensory Organs Hearing Impairment 319 Visual Impairment 322 Casts 324 Mental State (Mentally Challenged) 326 Respiratory Distress Syndrome 327 Pain 329 Gastric Suctioning 332 Gastric Irrigation 332 Gastric Analysis 334 15. Care of Terminally Ill Patients 335 Concepts of Loss 335 Grief 335 Care of Dying Patient 337 Care of Dead Body 339 Autopsy 341 Embalming 344 16. Professionals’ Nursing Concepts and Practices 350 Models 351 Theories 351 Historical Perspective 351 Theory 352 Nursing Theories 354 Conceptual’s Models for Nursing Practice 363 Linking Theories with Nursing Process 365 Bibliography 367 Index 369 Prelims.indd 16 8/22/2015 2:48:34 PM