Encyclopedia of Natural Resources - Water and Air - Vol II

With unprecedented attention on global change, the current debate revolves around the availability and sustainability of natural resources and how to achieve equilibrium between what society demands from natural environments and what the natural resource base can provide. A full understanding of the range of issues, from the consequences of the changing resource bases to the degradation of ecological integrity and the sustainability of life, is crucial to the process of developing solutions to this complex challenge. Authored by world-class scientists and scholars, The Encyclopedia of Natural Resources provides an authoritative reference on a broad spectrum of topics such as the forcing factors and habitats of life; their histories, current status, and future trends; and their societal connections, economic values, and management. The content presents state-of-the-art science and technology development and perspectives of resource management. Written and designed with a broad audience in mind, the entries clearly elucidate the issues for readers at all levels. In Volume II, Water includes 59 entries and Air includes 31 entries. The Water entries cover topical areas such as fresh water, groundwater, water quality and watersheds, ice and snow, coastal environments, and marine resources and economics. The Air entries cover air pollutants, atmospheric oscillation, circulation patterns and atmospheric water storage, as well as agroclimatology, climate change, and extreme events. Additional topics in meteorology include acid rain, drought, ozone depletion, water storage, and more. Natural resources represent such a broad scope of complex and challenging topics that a reference book must cover a vast number of subjects in order to be titled an encyclopedia. The Encyclopedia of Natural Resources does just that. The topics covered help readers face current and future issues in the maintenance of clean air and water as well as the preservation of land resources and native biodiversity.   Also Available Online This Taylor & Francis encyclopedia is also available through online subscription, offering a variety of extra benefits for researchers, students, and librarians, including: Citation tracking and alerts Active reference linking Saved searches and marked lists HTML and PDF format options Contact Taylor and Francis for more information or to inquire about subscription options and print/online combination packages. US: (Tel) 1.888.318.2367; (E-mail) e-reference@taylorandfrancis.com International: (Tel) +44 (0) 20 7017 6062; (E-mail) online.sales@tandf.co.uk

Table of Contents:
Volume I LAND Agriculture: Organic, John P. Reganold and Jonathan M. Wachter Albedo, Endre Dobos Altitudinal Belts: Global Mountains, Patterns and Mechanisms, Baiping Zhang and Fang Zhao Biodegradation and Bioremediation, Owen P. Ward and Ajay Singh Biodiversity: Agriculture, Deborah Stinner Biodiversity: Climate Change, Lisa Freudenberger and Jan Hanning Sommer Biodiversity: Conservation, Nigel E. Stork Biodiversity: Habitat Suitability, Betty J. Kreakie Biodiversity: Tropical Agroforestry, Thomas P. Husband Biodiversity: Values, David Ehrenfeld Biomes, Paul Reich and Hari Eswaran Boreal Forests: Climate Change, Pertti Hari Coastal Environments: Remote Sensing, Yeqiao Wang Coastal Erosion and Shoreline Change, Matthew L. Stutz Community Forestry: Sustainability and Equity Issues, Bill Buffum Conserved Lands: Stewardship, Peter August, Janet Coit and David Gregg Desertification, Uriel N. Safriel Diversity: Species, Jeffrey D. Corbin and Brittany L. Oakes Ecological and Evolutionary Processes, Roland C. de Gouvenain and Gopalasamy Reuben Clements Ecological Security: Land Use Pattern and Simulation Modeling, Xun Shi and Qingsheng Yang Ecology: Functions, Patterns, and Evolution, Fernando Valladares Ecosystem Services: Evaluation, James Boyd Ecosystem Services: Land Systems Approach, Richard Aspinall Ecosystem Services: Pollinators and Pollination, Victoria A. Wojcik Ecosystems: Diversity, L.M. Chu Ecosystems: Forest Nutrient Cycling, Neil W. Foster and Jagtar S. Bhatti Ecosystems: Functions and Services, Robert Costanza Ecosystems: Soil Animal Functioning, Alan J. Franzluebbers Ecotone, Finn C. Pillsbury and Debra P.C. Peters Edge Effects on Wildlife, Peter W.C. Paton Environmental Goods and Services: Economic and Non-Economic Methods for Valuing, Daniel E. Campbell Exotic and Invasive Species, Jan Pergl and Petr Pyšek Fires: Wildland, Jian Yang Forests: Temperate Evergreen and Deciduous, Lindsay M. Dreiss and John C. Volin Forests: Tropical Rain, Richard T. Corlett Fragmentation and Isolation, Anne Kuhn Genetic Diversity in Natural Resources Management, Thomas Joseph McGreevy, Jr. and Jeffrey A. Markert Genetic Resources Conservation: Ex Situ, Mary T. Burke Genetic Resources Conservation: In Situ, V. Arivudai Nambi and L. R. Gopinath Genetic Resources: Farmer Conservation and Crop Management, Daniela Soleri and David A. Cleveland Genetic Resources: Seeds Conservation, Florent Engelmann Herbicide-Resistant Crops: Impact, Micheal D. K. Owen Herbicide-Resistant Weeds, Carol Mallory-Smith Herbicides in the Environment, Kim A. Anderson and Jennifer L. Schaeffer Insects: Economic Impact, David Pimentel Insects: Flower and Fruit Feeding, Antônio R. Panizzi Integrated Pest Management, Marcos Kogan Keystone and Indicator Species, Barry R. Noon Land Capability Analysis, Michael J. Singer Land Capability Classification, Thomas E. Fenton Land Change and Water Resource Vulnerability, Gargi Chaudhuri Land Plants: Origin and Evolution, Elizabeth R. Waters Land Surface Temperature: Remote Sensing, Yunyue Yu, Jeffrey P. Privette, Yuling Liu, and Donglian Sun Landscape Connectivity and Ecological Effects, Marinés de la Peña-Domene and Emily S. Minor Landscape Dynamics, Disturbance, and Succession, Hong S. He Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LULCC), Burak Güneralp Leaves: Elevated CO2 Levels, G. Brett Runion, Seth G. Pritchard, and Stephen A. Prior Mangrove Forests, Ariel E. Lugo and Ernesto Medina Marshes: Salt and Brackish, Sally D. Hacker Net Ecosystem Production (NEP), Mark E. Harmon Nitrogen Fixation: Biological, Robert H. Burris Ozone: Crop Yield and Quality Effects, Håkan Pleijel Peatlands, Dale H. Vitt and Paul Short Plant Breeding: Global, Manjit S. Kang Population Genetics, Michael T. Clegg Protected Area Management, Tony Prato and Daniel B. Fagre Protected Areas: Remote Sensing, Yeqiao Wang River Delta Processes and Shapes, Douglas A. Edmonds and Rebecca L. Caldwell Savannas and Grasslands, Niti B. Mishra and Kenneth R. Young Soil Carbon and Nitrogen (C/N) Cycling, Sylvie M. Brouder and Ronald F. Turco Soil Degradation: Food Security, Michael A. Zoebisch and Eddy De Pauw Soil Degradation: Global Assessment, Selim Kapur and Erhan Akça Soil: Erosion Assessment, John Boardman Soil: Evaporation, William P. Kustas Soil: Fauna, Mary C. Savin Soil: Fertility and Nutrient Management, John L. Havlin Soil: Organic Matter, R. Lal Soil: Organic Matter and Available Water Capacity, T.G. Huntington Soil: Spatial Variability, Josef H. Görres Soil: Taxonomy, Mark H. Stolt Sustainability and Sustainable Development, Alan D. Hecht and Joseph Fiksel Sustainable Agriculture: Social Aspects, Frederick H. Buttel Transpiration, Thomas R. Sinclair Transpiration: Water Use Efficiency, Miranda Y. Mortlock Urban Environments: Remote Sensing, Xiaojun Yang Vernal Pool, Peter W.C. Paton Water Deficits: Development, Kadambot H. M. Siddique and Helen Bramley Weeds: Seed Banks and Seed Dormancy, Lynn Fandrich Wetlands, Ralph W. Tiner Wetlands: Biodiversity, Jean-Claude Lefeuvre and Virginie Bouchard Wetlands: Classification, Arnold G. van der Valk Wetlands: Coastal, InSAR Mapping, Zhong Lu, Jinwoo Kim, and C.K. Shum Wetlands: Economic Value, Gayatri Acharya Wetlands: Ecosystems, Sherri DeFauw Wetlands: Freshwater, Brij Gopal Wetlands: Remote Sensing, Niti B. Mishra Wetlands: Tidal, William H. Conner, Ken W. Krauss, Andrew H. Baldwin, and Stephen Hutchinson Volume II – Water and Air WATER Coastal Issues Arctic Oscillation, Jinping Zhao Climate Change: Coastal Marine Ecosystems, Jennifer P. Jorve, Rebecca L. Kordas, Kathryn M. Anderson, Jocelyn C. Nelson, Manon Picard, and Christopher D.G. Harley Climate Change: Polar Regions, Roger G. Barry Benthic Resources Aqua-Forests and Aqua-Forestry: Africa, Gordon N. Ajonina and M. Tomedi Eyango Archaeological Oceanography, Michael L. Brennan and Robert D. Ballard Bathymetry: Assessment, Heidi M. Dierssen and Albert E. Theberge, Jr. Bathymetry: Features and Hypsography, Heidi M. Dierssen and Albert E. Theberge, Jr. Bathymetry: Seafloor Mapping History, Heidi M. Dierssen and Albert E. Theberge, Jr. Coral Reef: Biology and History, Graham E. Forrester Coral Reef: Ecology and Conservation, Graham E. Forrester Marine Benthic Productivity, Bayden D. Russell and Sean D. Connell Marine Mammals, Kathleen J. Vigness-Raposa Marine Protected Areas, Jennifer Caselle Marine Resource Management, Richard Burroughs Maritime Transportation and Ports, Austin Becker Markets, Trade, and Seafood, Frank Asche, Cathy A. Roheim, and Martin D. Smith Submerged Aquatic Vegetation: Seagrasses, Alyssa Novak and Frederick T. Short Coastal Resources Aqua-Forests and Aqua-Forestry: Africa, Gordon N. Ajonina and M. Tomedi Eyango Coastal and Estuarine Waters: Light Behavior, Darryl J. Keith Coastal and Estuarine Waters: Optical Sensors and Remote Sensing, Darryl J. Keith Coastal Environments, Yuanzhi Zhang and Jinrong Hu Coastal Environments: Remote Sensing, Yeqiao Wang Coastal Erosion and Shoreline Change, Matthew L. Stutz Coastal Natural Disasters: Tsunamis on the Sanriku Coast, Takehiko Takano Mangrove Forests, Ariel E. Lugo and Ernesto Medina Markets, Trade, and Seafood, Frank Asche, Cathy A. Roheim, and Martin D. Smith Marshes: Salt and Brackish, Sally D. Hacker River Delta Processes and Shapes, Douglas A. Edmonds and Rebecca L. Caldwell Tourism Management: Marine and Coastal Recreation, C. Michael Hall Wetlands: Tidal, William H. Conner, Ken W. Krauss, Andrew H. Baldwin, and Stephen Hutchinson Freshwater Aquifers: Groundwater Storage, Thomas J. Burbey Aquifers: Recharge, John Nimmo, David A. Stonestrom, and Richard W. Healy Arctic Hydrology, Bretton Somers and H. Jesse Walker Artificial Reservoirs: Land Cover Change on Local Climate, Faisal Hossain and Ahmed M. Degu Climate Change: Polar Regions, Roger G. Barry Drainage and Water Quality, James L. Baker Endorheic Lake Dynamics: Remote Sensing, Yongwei Sheng Eutrophication, Kyle D. Hoagland and Thomas G. Franti Evaporation and Energy Balance, Matthias Langensiepen Evaporation: Lakes and Large Bodies of Water, John Borrelli Field Water Supply and Balance, Jean L. Steiner Floods: Riverine, William Saunders, Alison MacNeil, and Edward Capone Water Storage: Atmospheric, Forrest M. Mims III Hydrology Floods: Riverine, William Saunders, Alison MacNeil, and Edward Capone Hydrologic Cycle, John Van Brahana Hydrologic Modeling of Extreme Events, Jazuri Abdullah, Jaehoon Kim, and Pierre Y. Julien Hydrology: Environmental, Thomas Boving Hydrology: Urban, C. Rhett Jackson Impervious Surface Area: Effects, Carl L. Zimmerman and Daniel L. Civco Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LULCC), Burak Güneralp Streams: Perennial and Seasonal, Daniel von Schiller, Vicenç Acuña, and Sergi Sabater Surface Water: Nitrogen Enrichment, Tim P. Burt and Penny E. Widdison Surface Water: Nitrogen Fertilizer Pollution, Gregory McIsaac Water Quality and Monitoring, John C. Clausen Watershed Hydrology and Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LULCC), Yuyu Zhou Marine Issues Aquaculture, Carrie J. Byron Archaeological Oceanography, Michael L. Brennan and Robert D. Ballard Arctic Oscillation, Jinping Zhao Bathymetry: Assessment, Heidi M. Dierssen and Albert E. Theberge, Jr. Bathymetry: Features and Hypsography, Heidi M. Dierssen and Albert E. Theberge, Jr. Bathymetry: Seafloor Mapping History, Heidi M. Dierssen and Albert E. Theberge, Jr. Climate Change: Polar Regions, Roger G. Barry Coral Reef: Biology and History, Graham E. Forrester Coral Reef: Ecology and Conservation, Graham E. Forrester El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation, Felicity S. Graham and Jaclyn N. Brown Fisheries: Conservation and Management, Steven X. Cadrin Water Cycle: Ocean's Role, Don P. Chambers Water Storage: Atmospheric, Forrest M. Mims III Coastal Environment Climate Change: Coastal Marine Ecosystems, Jennifer P. Jorve, Rebecca L. Kordas, Kathryn M. Anderson, Jocelyn C. Nelson, Manon Picard, and Christopher D.G. Harley Coastal and Estuarine Waters: Light Behavior, Darryl J. Keith Coastal and Estuarine Waters: Optical Sensors and Remote Sensing, Darryl J. Keith Coastal Environments, Yuanzhi Zhang and Jinrong Hu Coastal Environments: Remote Sensing, Yeqiao Wang Coastal Erosion and Shoreline Change, Matthew L. Stutz Coastal Natural Disasters: Tsunamis on the Sanriku Coast, Takehiko Takano Marine Resources Marine Benthic Productivity, Bayden D. Russell and Sean D. Connell Marine Mammals, Kathleen J. Vigness-Raposa Marine Protected Areas, Jennifer Caselle Marine Resource Management, Richard Burroughs Maritime Transportation and Ports, Austin Becker Markets, Trade, and Seafood, Frank Asche, Cathy A. Roheim, and Martin D. Smith Submerged Aquatic Vegetation: Seagrasses, Alyssa Novak and Frederick T. Short AIR Atmosphere Air Pollutants: Elevated Carbon Dioxide, Hans-Joachim Weigel and Jürgen Bender Arctic Oscillation, Jinping Zhao Atmospheric Acid Deposition, Gene E. Likens and Thomas J. Butler Atmospheric Circulation: General, Thomas N. Chase and David Noone Circulation Patterns: Atmospheric and Oceanic, Marcia Glaze Wyatt Crops and the Atmosphere: Trace Gas Exchanges, Jürgen Kreuzwieser and Heinz Rennenberg Ocean--Atmosphere Interactions, Vasubandhu Misra Water Storage: Atmospheric, Forrest M. Mims III Climate Agroclimatology, Dev Niyogi and Olivia Kellner Arctic Oscillation, Jinping Zhao Artificial Reservoirs: Land Cover Change on Local Climate, Faisal Hossain and Ahmed M. Degu Boreal Forests: Climate Change, Pertti Hari Climate Change, Robert L. Wilby Climate Change: Coastal Marine Ecosystems, Jennifer P. Jorve, Rebecca L. Kordas, Kathryn M. Anderson, Jocelyn C. Nelson, Manon Picard, and Christopher D.G. Harley Climate Change: Polar Regions, Roger G. Barry Climate: Classification, Long S. Chiu Climate: Extreme Events, Philip Sura Climatology, Jill S.M. Coleman Climatology: Moist Enthalpy and Long-Term Anomaly Trends, Souleymane Fall, Roger A. Pielke, Sr., Dev Niyogi, and Gilbert L. Rochon El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation, Felicity S. Graham and Jaclyn N. Brown Meteorology Acid Rain and Nitrogen Deposition, George F. Vance Acid Rain and Precipitation Chemistry, Pao K. Wang Asian Monsoon, Congbin Fu Dew Point Temperature, John S. Roberts Drought: Management, Donald A. Wilhite and Michael J. Hayes Drought: Precipitation, Evapotranspiration, and Soil Moisture, Joshua B. Fisher and Konstantinos M. Andreadis Drought: Resistance, Graeme C. Wright and Nageswararao C. Rachaputi El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation, Felicity S. Graham and Jaclyn N. Brown Fronts, Jesse Norris and David M. Schultz Land--Atmosphere Interactions, Somnath Baidya Roy and Deeksha Rastogi Meteorology: Tropical, Zhuo Wang Ozone and Ozone Depletion, Jason Yang Transpiration and Physical Evaporation: United States Variability, Toshihisa Matsui and David M. Mocko Tropical Cyclones, Patrick J. Fitzpatrick Urban Heat Islands, James A. Voogt Water Storage: Atmospheric, Forrest M. Mims III Wind Speed Probability Distribution, Adam H. Monahan