Chapter 1 - Concept of Quality and Safety Improvement in Health Care. 16
Introduction. 16 Healthcare and Healthcare System in Africa. 16
Impact of Medical Errors and Adverse Events in the Healthcare System in Africa. 17
Patient Safety. 18
Patient Safety in the African Healthcare System.. 19
The Importance of Patient Safety. 19 Quality and Safety Improvement in Healthcare. 20
The Costs of Poor Quality of Care and Services in Africa. 20
The Challenges of Safety and Quality of Care Improvement in Africa. 21
Poor Infrastructure. 22
Workforce Shortage. 22 Health Policies, National and Local Guidelines. 22
Weak Legal Mandates, Accreditation, and Administrative Regulations. 23
Weak Legal and Judicial System.. 23
Organisational and Institutional Influencing Factors. 23
Poor Quality Data in Healthcare. 24 Leadership and Governance Problem.. 24
Prerequisite for the Essentials for Quality and Safety Improvement in Healthcare. 24
Creating and Sustaining Patient Safety Culture. 25
Secure Organisational Supports at all Levels. 26
Create Safety and Quality Department (SQD). 26 Effective Healthcare Management. 27
Conclusion. 30
References. 31
Chapter 2 - Standard Operating Procedure. 37
Introduction. 37
Standard Operating Procedure. 37
Development of Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). 38
Testing and Reviewing of Standard Operating Procedure. 42
Implementation of Standard Operating Procedure. 42
Benefits of Standard Operating Procedure in Healthcare Settings. 42 Optimising Healthcare Data Quality and Documentation. 43
Improving Healthcare Facility and Environment. 45
Improving of Procurement Management. 45
Enhancing Training and Development. 47
Barriers and Enablers to Implementation of SOPs in Healthcare in Africa. 47 Conclusion. 47
References. 49
Chapter 3 - Audit. 52
Introduction. 52
Audit. 53
Remote Audit. 53
Remote Audit in African Healthcare Settings. 54
Audit Design, Conduct and Implementation of Findings. 54
Step 1: Choosing a Topic. 54
Step 2: Defining Standards. 56
Step 3: Data Collection. 58 Step 4: Data Analysis. 60
Step 5: Finding Presentation. 60
Steps 6: Change Implementation. 62
Step 7: Re-Audit. 62
Benefits of Audit in Healthcare in Africa. 63 Encouraging the use of Modern Medicine in the Region. 63
Evaluating Health Policies and Guidelines. 64
Designing Educational and Training Programme. 64
Improving the Quality of Medical Records. 64
Barriers and Enablers for Effective Audit in Healthcare in Africa. 65 Conclusion. 66
References. 67
Chapter 4 - Research. 71
Introduction. 71
Healthcare Research. 72
Research Ethics, Governance and Integrity Training. 72
Planning, Designing, Conducting, Recording and Reporting Healthcare Research. 75
Planning and Designing Healthcare Research. 75
Identification Research and Framing a Question. 77
Determine and Evaluate Literature. 78
Research Team and Responsibility. 78 Research Sponsor and Responsibility. 79
Feasibility Assessment and Evaluation. 80
Ethical Review of Healthcare Research. 80
Composition of Ethics Committee Members. 81
Ethical Considerations in Healthcare Research. 82 Science and Society. 82
Protection of Research Participants. 83
Consent. 83
Vulnerable Groups. 87
Consent in Emergency Research. 88
Confidentiality. 88
Voluntary Participation. 89
Dissemination of Findings and
