The Fallen Leaves (1879)

Caroline Graves (1796 - 1884).Born in Harperfields, New York, USA on 1796 to Orange Graves and Aurelia Sikes. Caroline Graves married Benjamin Franklin Gibbs and had 4 children. She passed away on 1 Jul 1884 in Fox Lake, Wisconsin, USA....Wilkie Collins's novel was published in 1879 and dedicated to Caroline Graves. The 'Fallen Leaves' of the title are 'The people who have drawn blanks in the lottery of life...the friendless and the lonely, the wounded and the lost'. The novel was not well received and a planned Second Series, showing an unconventional marriage failing because of outside pressures, was never written.The novel follows the fortunes of four women, all in one way or another 'fallen leaves', who are linked by their relationships with the hero, Amelius Goldenheart, and also by secrets from the past. Their histories are looked at from two perspectives: that of the ruthless capitalist society of England in which they live, and that of the Christian Socialism of the hero who has been brought up in a Utopian community in America. Collins modelled his description on the Oneida communities of New England, in which sexual relationships were not restricted to marriage but had to be sanctioned by the elders. One of the leading themes of the novel is the difficulty of creating relationships between men and women which are neither hypocritical nor exploitative. Unfortunately the novel is not well constructed, and the importance of Collins's message is lost in a convoluted and extravagant plot. It relies heavily on coincidence and the writing is moralistic and melodramatic.PLOT SUMMARYAmelius Goldenheart is in exile from his Utopian community because of an unsanctioned relationship with an older English woman who has suffered some mysterious tragedy in her earlier life - she is the first of the 'fallen leaves'. He comes to London with a letter of introduction to the villainous John Farnaby, and is captivated by Farnaby's niece Regina to whom, after some complications, he becomes engaged. Mrs Farnaby, a woman who 'lives in some secret hell of her own making, and longs for the release of death' enlists his help to look for the illegitimate daughter she lost sixteen years earlier. Farnaby had seduced his employer's daughter in order to force her into marriage and further his own career, but when the baby was born he kidnapped it and gave it to a baby-farmer. On the streets of London, Amelius is accosted by a sixteen-year-old prostitute, Simple Sally, and takes her home with him to save her from a life on the streets. They live together as brother and sister but when Regina discovers her presence, she rejects Amelius, breaking off their engagement. Sally turns out to be Mrs Farnaby's long-lost child and they are reunited at Mrs Farnaby's deathbed. Amelius and Sally then marry. The 'Second Series' was intended to follow the course and break-down of their marriage....William Wilkie Collins (8 January 1824 - 23 September 1889) was an English novelist, playwright, and short story writer, best known for The Woman in White (1859), No Name (1862), Armadale (1866) and The Moonstone (1868). The last has been called the first modern English detective novel. Born to the family of painter William Collins in London, he grew up in Italy and France, learning French and Italian. He began work as a clerk for a tea merchant. After his first novel, Antonina, appeared in 1850, he met Charles Dickens, who became a close friend and mentor. Some of Collins's works appeared first in Dickens's journals All the Year Round and Household Words and they collaborated on drama and fiction. Collins published his best known works in the 1860s, achieving financial stability and an international following. However, he began suffering from gout....