Handbook on Complex Percutaneous Carotid Interventions Editors: Jacqueline Saw, J. Emilio Exaire, David S. Lee, Jay S. Yadav Section One: Clinical Experience 1. Epidemiology and Significance of Carotid Artery Stenosis Authors: Anthony Fung, MD and Jacqueline Saw, MD 2. Medical Therapy for Carotid Artery Stenosis Author: David S. Lee, MD 3. Carotid Endarterectomy: Techniques and Evidence-Based Medicine Authors: Joel Gagnon, MD and York Hsiang, MD 4. Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting Trials: A Historical Perspective and Evidence-Based Medicine Authors: David S. Lee, MD and Jay S. Yadav, MD 5. Cerebrovascular Anatomy Authors: Ravish Sachar, MD and Samir Kapadia, MD 6. Noninvasive Imaging of the Carotid Artery Authors: J. Emilio Exaire, MD, Mikhael Mazighi, MD, Jacqueline Saw, MD and Alex Abou-Chebl, MD 7. Cerebrovascular angiography Authors: J. Emilio Exaire, MD, Jacqueline Saw, MD and Christopher Bajzer, MD 8. Current Indications for Extracranial Carotid Artery Stenting Authors: Cameron Haery, MD and Deepak L. Bhatt, MD Section Two: Techniques of Carotid and Vertebral Artery Stenting 9. The Approach to Extracranial Carotid Artery Stenting Authors: Jacqueline Saw, MD and Jay S. Yadav, MD 10. Equipments for Extracranial Carotid Artery Stenting Authors: Jacqueline Saw, MD and J. Emilio Exaire, MD 11. Emboli Protection Devices Author: Jacqueline Saw, MD 12. Complications of Carotid Artery Stenting Author: Jacqueline Saw, MD 13. The Approach to Intracranial Carotid Artery Intervention Authors: Ivan P. Casserly, MD and Jay S. Yadav, MD 14. The Approach to Intracranial and Extracranial Vertebral Artery Stenting Authors: J. Emilio Exaire, MD and Jacqueline Saw, MD 15. Endovascular Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke Authors: Mikhael Mazighi, MD, Qashim Bashir, MD and Alex Abou-Chebl, MD Section Three: Challenging Case Illustrations and Pearls 16. Case: Left Carotid Artery Stenting with a Challenging Type III Aortic Arch Author: Jacqueline Saw, MD 17. Case: Stenting of a Tortuous Left Internal Carotid Artery Author: J. Emilio Exaire, MD 18. Case: Stenting of a Critical Internal Carotid Artery Stenosis with String Sign Author: Jacqueline Saw, MD 19. Case: Stenting of a Carotid Endarterectomy Patch Restenosis and Aneurysm Author: J. Emilio Exaire, MD 20. Case: Carotid Stenting with Slow Flow and Distal Embolization Author: J. Emilio Exaire, MD 21. Case: Acute Stroke Intervention with a Large Thrombotic Burden Author: Jacqueline Saw, MD 22. Case: Left Internal Carotid Artery Stenting in a Bovine Aortic Arch Author: David S. Lee, MD 23. Case: Right Carotid Artery Stenting Via Right Brachial Artery Approach Author: David S. Lee, MD 24. Case: Ostial Innominate Artery Intervention Author: David S. Lee, MD