Human Embryology

About the Book

• This is the tenth edition of the Best Selling and authoritative textbook titled Human Embryology.

• Excellent readability, concise and clear text.

• All the chapters have been completely revised and updated.

• Contains a large number of simple but informative illustrations.

• Presents essential concepts in human development for medical students

. • Each chapter opens with Highlights, followed by various description of the normal development of systems in a systematic manner.

• Clinical Correlations have been added and highlighted in separate boxes to enhance the clinical concepts of students and grounding their understanding of the subject.

• Chapters conclude with a “time-table of development events”, given at the end.

• Important aspects of the subject relevant only for postgraduates are available in the accompanying CD.

About The Author:

Inderbir Singh, MBBS MS PhD

Table of Contents:
1. Some Preliminary Considerations ................What is Embryology? 2 Gonads and Gametes Some Facts about Chromosomes Cell Division Mitosis Meiosis 2. Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis .........................................................................................17 Structure of a Mature Spermatozoon 18 Spermatogenesis 20 Oogenesis 23 Abnormalities in Formation of Gametes 32 3. The Menstrual Cycle ........... Phases of the Menstrual Cycle Hormonal Control of Ovarian and Uterine Cycles 4. Formation of Germ Layers .......................................................................... Fertilization Test Tube Babies Sex Determination Cleavage Formation of Germ Layers Use of Stem Cells in the Treatment of Diseases 5. Further Development of Embryonic Disc ...................................................... yyFormation of the Notochord Formation of the Neural Tube yySubdivisions of Intra-Embryonic Mesoderm yyFormation of the Intra-Embryonic Coelom yyYolk Sac and Folding of Embryo 64 Contents Prelim of Human Embryology.indd 9 5/13/2014 9:50:20 AMx Human Embryology yyConnecting Stalk 65 yyAllantoic Diverticulum 67 yyEffect of Head and Tail folds on Positions of Other Structures 67 yyTimetable of Events Described in this Chapter 70 6. The Placenta, Fetal Membranes, Twinning .......................................................................71 yyFormation of Placenta 72 yyImplantation 72 yyDecidua 73 yyFormation of Chorionic Villi 74 yyFurther Development of the Placenta 81 yyPlacental Membrane 82 yyNormal Site of Implantation of the Ovum 84 yyAbnormal Sites of Implantation of the Ovum 84 yyFetal Membranes 87 yyMutual Relationship of Amniotic Cavity, Extra-Embryonic Coelom and Uterine Cavity 87 yyAmniotic Fluid 89 yyTwinning 90 yyTimetable of Some Events Described in this Chapter 93 7. Formation of Tissues of the Body ..........................................................................................94 yyEpithelia 95 yyGlands 96 yyMesenchyme 96 yyConnective Tissue 97 yyFormation of Blood 97 yyFormation of Cartilage 99 yyBone 101 yyFormation of Muscle 111 yyNervous Tissue 114 8. The Skin and Its Appendages ...............................................................................................119 yySkin 120 yyNails 121 yyHair 122 yySebaceous Glands 122 yySweat Glands 122 yyMammary Glands 124 yyTimetable of Some Events Mentioned in this Chapter 126 9. The Pharyngeal Arches ...........................................................................................................127 yyIntroduction 128 yyDerivatives of the Skeletal Elements 131 yyNerves and Muscles of the Arches 132 yyFate of Ectodermal Clefts 133 yyFate of Endodermal Pouches 134 Prelim of Human Embryology.indd 10 5/13/2014 9:50:21 AMxi Contents yyDevelopment of the Thymus 135 yyDevelopment of Parathyroid Glands 136 yyDevelopment of the Thyroid Gland 136 yyTimetable of Some Events Mentioned in this Chapter 140 10. The Skeleton .................................................................................................................................141 yyThe Vertebral Column 142 yyThe Ribs 145 yyThe Sternum 146 yyThe Skull 147 yyFormation of the Limbs 148 yyTimetable of Some Events Mentioned in this Chapter 152 11. Face, Nose and Palate...............................................................................................................153 yyIntroduction 154 yyDevelopment of the Face 155 yyDevelopment of the Palate 164 yyTimetable of Some Events Described in this Chapter 166 12. Alimentary System—I: Mouth, Pharynx and Related Structures .......................167 yyMouth 168 yyTeeth 170 yyTongue 174 yySalivary Glands 178 yyTonsils 178 yyPharynx 178 yyTimetable of Some Events Described in this Chapter 179 13. Alimentary System—II: Gastrointestinal Tract . Introduction Derivation of Individual Parts of Alimentary Tract Rotation of the Gut ion of the Gut Timetable of Some Events Described in this Chapter 14. The Liver aliary Apparatus, The Pancreas and Spleen; The Respiratory System; The Body Cavities and Diaphragm The Liver and Biliary Apparatus The Liver Gall Bladder and Biliary Passages 203 yyThe Pancreas and the Spleen 207 yyPancreas 207 yySpleen 210 yyThe Respiratory System 212 yyLarynx 213 yyTrachea and Bronchi 213 Prelim of Human Embryology.indd 11 5/13/2014 9:50:21 AMxii Human Embryology yyLungs 215 yyThe Body Cavities and Diaphragm 217 yyBody Cavities 217 yyDiaphragm 222 yyTimetable of Some Events Described in this Chapter 228 15. Cardiovascular System ............................................................................................................229 Part 1: The Heart 231 yyDevelopment of the Heart: Main Facts 231 yyDevelopment of Right Atrium 235 yyDevelopment of Left Atrium 236 yyDevelopment of Ventricles 237 yyPericardial Cavity 246 Part 2: The Arteries 251 yyAnomalous Development of Pharyngeal Arch Arteries 257 yyDevelopment of Other Arteries 260 Part 3: Veins 265 Part 4: Fetal Circulation 277 Part 5: Lymphatic System 280 yyTimetable of Some Events Described in this Chapter 281 16. Urogenital System .....................................................................................................................282 yyIntroduction 283 yyDevelopment of Kidneys 285 yyAbsorption of Lower Parts of Mesonephric Ducts into Cloaca 289 yyDevelopment of the Ureter 290 yyDevelopment of the Urinary Bladder 292 yyDevelopment of the Female Urethra 293 yyDevelopment of the Male Urethra 293 yyDevelopment of the Prostate 295 yyParamesonephric Ducts 296 yyDevelopment of Uterus and Uterine Tubes 296 yyDevelopment of Vagina 298 yyDevelopment of External Genitalia 301 yyDevelopment of Testes 307 yyDevelopment of the Ovary 313 yyFate of Mesonephric Duct and Tubules in the Male 314 yyFate of Mesonephric Ducts and Tubules in the Female 316 yyControl of Differentiation of Genital Organs 317 yyTimetable of Some Events Described in this Chapter 318 17. The Nervous System .................................................................................................................319 yyIntroduction 320 yySpinal Cord 325 yyMedulla Oblongata 329 Prelim of Human Embryology.indd 12 5/13/2014 9:50:21 AMxiii Contents yyPons 332 yyMidbrain 333 yyCerebellum 334 yyCerebral Hemisphere 335 yyAutonomic Nervous System 347 yyTimetable of Some Events Described in this Chapter 350 18. Hypophysis Cerebri, Pineal, Adrenal ................................................................................351 yyHypophysis Cerebri 352 yyPineal Gland 353 yyAdrenal 353 yyChromaffin Tissue 355 yyTimetable of the Events Described in this Chapter 355 19. The Eye and Ear ...........................................................................................................................356 yyDevelopment of the Eye 357 yyDevelopment of the Ear 367 yyTimetable of Some Events Described in this Chapter 374 Index ........................................................................................................................................................375 Prelim of Human Embryology.indd 13 5/13/2014 9:50:21 AM