Summary............................................................................................................................. 3
Acronyms............................................................................................................................ 4
Contents.............................................................................................................................. 5
Chapter 1: Background and context........................................................................... 8
1. Towards a more sustainable private transportation system ........................... 8
2. The risk of problem shifting ............................................................................. 10
3. Complex systems require tools and methodologies ..................................... 11
4. Objective, context and structure of this work................................................. 13 References......................................................................................................................... 15
Chapter 2: LCE and electromobility........................................................................ 18
5. Environmental sustainability and Life Cycle Engineering........................... 18
5.1. Environmental Impacts of products.............................................................. 20
5.2. Life Cycle Assessment.................................................................................... 22
5.3. Life Cycle Engineering .................................................................................. 26
Definitions and scope...................................................................................... 26
Methods and Tools for LCE........................................................................... 27
LCA- based methods and tools for LCE...................................................... 29
2. Technical aspects of electric vehicles and lithium-ion traction batteries.. 32
2.1. Electric vehicles: definitions and classification.......................................... 32
2.2. Electric vehicle energy demand..................................................................... 35
2.3. Electric vehicle main components................................................................. 39
2.4. Lithium-ion traction batteries......................................................................... 42
Working principles and main cell components.......................................... 42
Battery design and manufacturing................................................................ 47
Battery degradation......................................................................................... 52
Battery Recycling....................................................................
