In a global competitive economic environment, resources that are scarce or irreplicable are a source of sustained competitive advantage for companies and organizations. Knowledge-based resources are a major and increasing driver of long term competitive advantage. Most accounting standards however do not allow for knowledge-based resource calculations, including the most important of these, intellectual capital. Intellectual capital is the collective knowledge, documented and otherwise, of individuals in an organization. In the absence of accounting standards to numerically evaluate intellectual capital, some institutions have devised their own reports and statements. But why should companies, universities, and research centers measure these resources? How are intellectual capital statements built? How does one set targets, and what indicators should they include?

This book reviews the development of the field of intellectual capital reporting, including core concepts, latest developments, the main components of intellectual capital, how a statement is built, and key indicators of each component. It further analyzes experiences from a variety of pioneering companies and institutions around the globe in measuring intellectual capital, including case studies from educational and research institutions, and provides crucial transnational comparisons. Authors Ordóñez de Pablos and Edvinsson examine the challenges and next steps for the harmonization of intellectual capital reports, consider the creation of a special international agency for intellectual capital reporting standards, and evaluate the weaknesses of current standards and how they might be overcome.

Patricia Ordóñez de Pablos is Professor in the Department of Business Administration and Accountability in the Faculty of Economics at the University of Oviedo, Spain. Her teaching and research interests focus on the areas of strategic management, knowledge management, intellectual capital, and China. She serves as an Associate Editor for the Behaviour and Information Technology journal and is Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital and the International Journal of Strategic Change Management.

Leif Edvinsson is Professor of Intellectual Capital at Lund University, Sweden and Chair Professor at Hong Kong Polytechnic University. He is a key pioneering contributor to both the theory and practice of intellectual capital. He is the author of numerous journal articles on service management and intellectual capital, and in 1997 co-authored (along with Michael S. Malone) one of the first books on intellectual capital. He serves as special advisor on Societal Entrepreneurship to the Swedish Governmental Foundation for Competence Development and to the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation.