CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
CHAPTER II OVERVIEW OF THE GPS AND IONOSPHERE
2.1 Overview of the GPS
2.2 GPS Components
2.2.1 Space Segment 2.2.2 Control Segment
2.2.3 User Segment
2.3 GPS Signals Structure
2.4 GPS Observables
2.5 GPS Time and Coordinates
2.6 Source of Error in GPS Signal and Modeling
2.6.1 Random Noise Measurement 2.6.2 Multipath
2.6.3 Clock Error
2.6.4 Ephemeris Error
2.6.5 Tropospheric Delay
2.6.6 Ionospheric Delay
2.7 Formation of the Ionosphere
2.8 Structures of the Ionosphere 2.8.1 D Layer
2.8.2 E Layer
2.8.3 F Layer
2.9 Total Electron Content
2.10 Geomagnetic Regions of the Ionosphere
2.11 Major Ionospheric Variations
2.11.1 Solar Cycle Variations 2.11.2 Diurnal Variations
2.11.3 Seasonal Variations
2.11.4 Geomagnetic Activity Effects
2.11.5 Latitudinal Variations
2.12 Ionospheric Geomagnetic Storm Disturbances
2.13 Ionospheric Modeling Approaches
2.14 Comparison of the Ionospheric Models
2.15 Variations of the Ionospheric Delay
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
3.1 GPS Scintillation and TEC Monitoring System
3.1.1 GISTM Data Recording
3.1.2 GISTM Data Processing
3.1.3 GISTM Stations Networks over Malaysia
3.2 GPS Receiver and Data Processing
3.3 Data Used
3.4 Analysis of the VTEC and Ionospheric Delay
3.5 Holt-Winter Method 3.6 Error Measurements
About the Author:
Nouf Abd Elmunim is currently an assistant professor, in the Electrical Department, College of Engineering, at Princess Nourah Bint Abdul Rahman University, Saudi Arabia. She holds a PhD from the National University of Malaysia, Faculty of Engineering and Space Science Centre at Malaysia, with a focus of upper atmospheric layer, GPS satellite signals, and ionospheric models.
