Not so long ago, karyology was considered a vanguard biological discipline, which could solve nearly all problems of systematics and phylogenetics. We liked to believe in the bright future, in a magician who will appear like a Jack-in-the-box and reveal the truth to us. However, excessive hopes related to the chromosomal study came true only in part. In the meantime, new candidates claimed the place of the magician, i. e. phenetics succeeded by cladistics and now by molecular methods in systematics and phylogeny. Nevertheless, it becomes progressively more ob- ous nowadays that cladistics is just a bright envelope for the fairly primitive and theoretically vulnerable approach that deprives living organisms and their groups of the traces of integrity and reduces them to the plain sum of characters. Modern molecular techniques look more perceptive and may yield more reliable results, although the details are sometimes embarrassing, and comparison with the fossil record does not necessarily reveal their superiority over cladistics. These methods are accessible by research teams with massive funding and good equipment and this strongly decreases the range and diversity of the material studied. However, classi?cations are often created by individual systematists with the restricted access to molecular methods. In this context, karyological techniques are in the preferable position, although they certainly do not provide direct and immaculate markers of taxonomic and p- logenetic relationships: chromosomal study is a morphological method with all its advantages and drawbacks.
About the Author:

Dr. Vladimir E. Gokhman is a leading researcher and the head of the Plant Protection Group of the Botanical Garden of Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia. He works at the Botanical Garden since 1983, after graduating with honour from the MSU Department of Entomology. Dr. Gokhman's main research interests are karyology and systematics of parasitic wasps. He has defended a PhD ("Karyology and systematics of the subfamily Ichneumoninae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae"; Moscow State University, 1990) and a Doctor of Science (DSc) thesis ("Karyotypes of parasitic Hymenoptera: their evolution and implications for systematics and phylogeny"; Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2003). Dr. Gokhman is a member of the editorial board of the Russian Entomological Journal and also a member of the International Society of Hymenopterists and the Russian Entomological Society.