Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS): Concepts, Instrumentation, Data Analysis and Applications, 2 Volume Set

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Essential resource covering the field of LIBS, with respect to its fundamentals, established and novel applications, and future prospects Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), presents in two comprehensive volumes a thorough discussion of the basic principles of the method, including important recently available data which can lead to a better characterization of the LIBS plasma. This extensive work contains detailed discussions on the lasers, spectrometers, and detectors that can be used for LIBS apparatuses and describes various instrumentation, ranging from basic setups to more advanced configurations. As a modern resource, the work includes the newest advances and capabilities of LIBS instruments, featuring the recent developments of Dual-Pulse LIBS, Femtosecond LIBS, and Micro-LIBS as well as their applications. Throughout, the contributions discuss the analytical capabilities of the method in terms of detection limits, accuracy, and precision of measurements for a variety of samples. Lastly, an extensive range of applications is presented, including food technology, environmental science, nuclear reactors, nanoscience and nanotechnology, and biological and biomedical developments. Sample topics covered within the work include: iagnostics of laser induced plasma (LIP): LIBS plasma and its characteristics, factors affecting the LIBS plasma, methods of enhancing LIBS sensitivity, and LTE/non-LTE plasmas Instrumental developments in LIBS: light collection system and spectral detection systems, handheld LIBS, deep sea LIBS, and industrial sorters and analyzers Femtosecond laser ablation: laser-matter interaction, laser absorption, energy transport, ablation mechanisms and threshold, and plasma characterization Micro-analysis and LIBS imaging: microjoule laser sources, scaling libs to microjoule energies, micrometer scaling, advanced applications, and future prospects Spectroscopic and analytical scientists working with LIBS will find this wide-ranging reference immensely helpful in developing LIBS instrumentation and applications. Researchers and students in natural sciences and related programs of study will be able to use the work to acquire foundational knowledge on the method and learn about cutting-edge advancements being made in the field.

Table of Contents:
Volume 1 Preface xix Part I Fundamental Aspects of LIBS and Laser-Induced Plasma 1 1 Nanosecond and Femtosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications 3 K. M. Muhammed Shameem, Swetapuspa Soumyashree, P. Madhusudhan, Vinitha Nimma, Rituparna Das, Pranav Bhardwaj, Prashant Kumar and Rajesh K. Kushawaha 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 LIBS: ns-LIBS and fs-LIBS 5 1.3 Plasma-Plume Dynamics 10 1.4 Filamentation 14 1.5 Signal-Enhancing Strategies in LIBS 17 1.6 Applications 20 1.7 Summary 21 2 Elementary Processes and Emission Spectra in Laser-Induced Plasma 33 V. Gardette, Z. Salajkova, M. Dell’Aglio and A. De Giacomo 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Laser-Ablation Mechanism 33 2.3 Plasma Characteristics and Elementary Processes 35 2.4 Plasma in Thermodynamic Equilibrium 37 2.5 Plasma Emission Features 39 2.6 Conclusion 41 3 Diagnostics of Laser-Induced Plasma 45 Charles Ghany, Kyung-Min Lee, Herve K. Sanghapi and Vivek K. Singh 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 LIBS Plasmas and Its Characteristics 46 3.3 Factors Affecting the LIBS Plasma 49 3.4 Methods of Enhancing LIBS Sensitivity 51 3.5 LTE Plasmas and Non-LTE Plasmas 52 3.6 Laser–Plasma Expansion in Gas and Liquids: Modeling and Validation 54 3.7 Chemistry in Laser Plasmas (Biological, Medical, and Isotopic Applications) 57 3.8 Conclusion 58 4 Double and Multiple Pulse LIBS Techniques 65 Francesco Poggialini, Asia Botto, Beatrice Campanella, Simona Raneri, Vincenzo Palleschi and Stefano Legnaioli 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Double-Pulse LIBS: Geometries and Configurations 67 4.3 Signal Enhancement in DP-LIBS: Principles and Theory 77 4.4 Applications of DP-LIBS 80 4.5 Conclusions 83 5 Calibration-Free Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 89 Jörg Hermann 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Validity Conditions of the Physical Model 90 5.3 Methods of Calibration-Free Measurements 98 5.4 Critical Review of Analytical Performance 107 5.5 Conclusion 115 Part II Molecular LIBS and Instrumentation Developments 123 6 Molecular Species Formation in Laser-Produced Plasma 125 K. M. Muhammed Shameem, Swetapuspa Soumyashree, P. Madhusudhan, Vinitha Nimma, Rituparna Das, Pranav Bhardwaj and Rajesh K. Kushawaha 6.1 Introduction 125 6.2 Atmospheric Contribution in LIBS Spectra 127 6.3 CN and C2 Molecular Formation in LIP 127 6.4 Summary 134 7 Recent Developments in Standoff Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 137 Linga Murthy Narlagiri and Venugopal Rao Soma 7.1 Introduction 137 7.2 Laser Systems Used 137 7.3 Instrumentation in Standoff LIBS 138 7.4 Gated and Non-Gated CCDs/Spectrometers 139 7.5 Experimental Setup 139 7.6 Reviews on Standoff LIBS 140 7.7 Studies in Standoff LIBS 140 7.8 Variants in Standoff LIBS 146 7.9 Machine-Learning for Data Analysis in Standoff Mode 149 7.10 Advancements in Standoff LIBS Methods 150 7.11 Ongoing Study at ACRHEM, University of Hyderabad 153 7.12 Conclusions and Outlook 158 8 Nanoparticle-Enhanced Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 165 Zita Salajková, Marcella Dell’Aglio, Vincent Gardette and Alessandro De Giacomo 8.1 Introduction 165 8.2 Fundamentals 166 8.3 Applications 174 8.4 Conclusion 179 9 Nanoparticle-Enhanced Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Sensing Applications 183 Linga Murthy Narlagiri and Venugopal Rao Soma 9.1 Introduction 183 9.2 Previous Reviews 183 9.3 Experimental Setup 184 9.4 Enhancement Via Different Conditions 185 9.5 Perspectives on the Mechanism(s) of Enhancement 191 9.6 Variations in NE-LIBS 199 9.7 Beyond NE-LIBS 200 9.8 Further Application of Nanoparticles in LIBS 202 9.9 Ongoing Study in the Lab 203 9.10 Conclusions 204 Part III Data Analysis and Chemometrics in LIBS 211 10 Full-Spectrum Multivariate Analysis of LIBS Data 213 Catherine E. McManus and Nancy J. McMillan 10.1 Introduction 213 10.2 Full-Spectrum Multivariate Analysis 215 10.3 Analysis of Geologic Samples 216 10.4 Identification of Pharmaceuticals 218 10.5 Conclusions 224 11 Chemometrics for Data Analysis 229 Manoj Kumar Gundawar and Rajendhar Junjuri 11.1 Introduction 229 11.2 Data 230 11.3 Machine Learning 231 11.4 Classification of the Data 236 11.5 Conclusion 237 12 Chemometric Processing of LIBS Data 241 J. El Haddad, A. Harhira, E. Képeš, J. Vrábel, J. Kaiser and P. Poøízka 12.1 Introduction 241 12.2 Exploratory Analysis Methods for Visualization 243 12.3 Quantitative Analysis Methods 249 12.4 Classification 254 12.5 Data Preprocessing 257 12.6 Validation and Generalization 261 12.7 Conclusions 268 13 How Chemometrics Allowed the Development of LIBS in the Quantification and Detection of Isotopes: A Case Study of Uranium 277 Carlos A. Rinaldi, Norberto Boggio and Juan Vorobioff 13.1 Introduction 277 13.2 The LIBS Method 278 13.3 Detection and Quantification 279 13.4 Chemometrics Solution 279 13.5 Conclusions 285 14 Application of Multivariate Analysis to the Problem of the Provenance of Gem Stones (Ruby, Sapphire, Emerald, Diamond) 287 Nancy J. McMillan and Catherine E. McManus 14.1 Introduction 287 14.2 Gem Mineral Genesis 289 14.3 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analysis 293 14.4 Gem Provenance Studies 294 14.5 Conclusions 300 15 Machine Learning in the Context of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 305 E. Képeš, J. Vrábel, J. El Haddad, A. Harhira, P. Poøízka and J. Kaiser 15.1 Introduction 305 15.2 Fundamental Concepts of Machine Learning 306 15.3 Decision Trees and Related Ensemble Methods 307 15.4 Support Vector Machines 311 15.5 Artificial Neural Networks 314 15.6 Unsupervised Learning 318 15.7 Self-Organizing Maps 319 15.8 Concluding Remarks 320 16 Analysis of LIBS Data from Coal and Biomass Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques 331 Carlos E. Romero and Robert De Saro 16.1 Introduction 331 16.2 LIBS Coal and Biomass Laboratory Experimental Results 334 16.3 Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques to LIBS Spectral Data 337 16.4 Conclusions 349 Part IV Special Topics and Comparison with Other Methods 353 17 Lasing in Optically Pumped Laser-Induced Plasma 355 Lev Nagli, Michael Gaft and Yosef Raichlin 17.1 Introduction 355 17.2 Experimental Setups and Samples 357 17.3 Lasing Effects in a LIP Plume; 13 th Group Elements 360 17.4 Polarization of the LIPLs: the UV–VIS Generation 370 17.5 External Magnetic Field Effects 376 17.6 Fourteenth GROUP Elements LIPL (Ground-State Configuration 4s2np23P0 , n = 4,5,6) 377 17.7 LIPLs Tunability 379 17.8 Conclusions 382 18 LIBS Analysis of Optical Surfaces and Thin Films 387 Christoph Gerhard and Jörg Hermann 18.1 Introduction 387 18.2 Sensitivity-Improved Calibration-Free LIBS 389 18.3 Analysis of Optical Materials and Surfaces 392 18.4 Elemental Analysis of Thin Films 395 18.5 Conclusion 407 19 LIBS Detection of Rare-Earth Elements and Comparison with Other Techniques 415 Yashashchandra Dwivedi 19.1 Introduction 415 19.2 Importance of Rare Earth 416 19.3 Technological Challenges 417 19.4 Detection of RE Using LIBS 418 19.5 Detection of RE Using Other Techniques 423 20 Marine Biofouling Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 431 Della Thomas 20.1 Introduction 431 20.2 Biofouling Sample Preparation 431 20.3 Experimental LIBS Setup 432 20.4 Analysis and Discussion 432 20.5 Biomineralization and Elemental Mapping Studies 437 20.6 LIBS Spectra for Biofouling Sample 437 20.7 LIBS Spatial Elemental Mapping 440 20.8 Conclusion 444 21 Hyphenated LIBS Techniques 447 U. K. Adarsh, V. S. Dhanada, Santhosh Chidangil and V. K. Unnikrishnan 21.1 Introduction 447 21.2 Why Hyphenate Spectroscopic Methods? 449 21.2.1 Significance 449 21.2.2 Developmental Strategies 451 21.2.3 Hyphenated LIBS Systems 452 21.3 Conclusion and Future Directions 457 22 Comparison of LIBS with Other Analytical Techniques 461 Muhammad Aslam Baig, Rizwan Ahmed and Zeshan Adeel Umar 22.1 Introduction 461 22.2 Quantitative Analysis by LIBS 462 22.3 Laser-Ablation Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry 476 22.4 Conclusion 482 23 Combining Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Raman Spectroscopy: Instrumentation and Applications 487 Vasily N. Lednev 23.1 Introduction 487 23.2 Instrumentation 489 23.3 Applications 502 23.4 Conclusions 520 Acknowledgments 521 References 521 Volume 2 Preface xix Part V Novel Applications of LIBS 531 24 Application of LIBS to the Analysis of Metals 533 Francesco Poggialini, Asia Botto, Beatrice Campanella, Vincenzo Palleschi, Simona Raneri and Stefano Legnaioli 25 LIBS Analysis of Metals Under Extreme Conditions 551 Mohamed Abdel-Harith and Raghda Hosny El-Saeid 26 LIBS Applications to Liquids and Solids in Liquids 559 Chet R. Bhatt, Daniel Hartzler, Jinesh Jain and Dustin L. McIntyre 27 Coal Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 581 Shunchun Yao 28 Application of LIBS to Terrestrial Geological Research 593 Giorgio S. Senesi and Russell S. Harmon 29 Plastic Waste Identification Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 615 Rajendhar Junjuri and Manoj Kumar Gundawar 30 Cultural Heritage Applications of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 623 Duixiong Sun and Yaopeng Ying 31 Nuclear Applications of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 643 Gábor Galbács and Éva Kovács-Széles 32 Applications of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Trace Detection in Explosives 667 Qianqian Wang and Geer Teng 33 Geochemical Fingerprinting Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 683 Pengju Xing and Zhenli Zhu 34 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Chemical and Biological Hazards 701 Lianbo Guo 35 Development of a Simple, Low-Cost, and On-Site Deployable LIBS Instrument for the Quantitative Analysis of Edible Salts 715 Sandeep Kumar, Hyang Kim, Jeong Park, Kyung-Sik Ham, Song-Hee Han, Sang-Ho Nam and Yonghoon Lee 36 Bioimaging in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 729 Pavlina Modlitbová, Pavel Poøízka and Jozef Kaiser 37 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for the Identification of Bacterial Pathogens 745 Somenath Ghatak, Gaurav Sharma, Prashant Kumar Rai, Suman Yadav and Geeta Watal 38 Phase-Selective Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Metal-Oxide Nanoaerosols 755 Gang Xiong and Stephen D. Tse 39 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Cultivated Soil 767 R. K. Aldakheel, M. A. Gondal and M. A. Almessiere 40 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in Food Sciences 781 J. Naozuka and A. P. Oliveira 41 Capabilities and Limitations of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Analyzing Food Products 807 R. K. Aldakheel, M. A. Gondal and M. A. Almessiere 42 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Its Application Perspectives in Industry and Recycling 823 Reinhard Noll 43 Development of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Application to Space Exploration 851 Zhenzhen Wang and Han Luo 44 Femtosecond Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of Complex Materials 863 Mathi Pandiyathuray 45 Application of LIBS for the Failure Characteristics Prediction of Heat-Resistant Steel 883 Meirong Dong, Junbin Cai, Shunchun Yao and Jidong Lu 46 Scope for Future Development in Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy 939 Yoshihiro Deguchi Index 947