Legitimation by Constitution is the phrase, coined by distinguished authors Frank Michelman and Alessandro Ferrara, for a key idea in Rawlsian political liberalism of a reliance on a dualist form of democracy-a subjection of ground-level lawmaking to the constraints of a higher-law
constitution that most citizens could find acceptable as a framework for their politics-as a response to the problem of maintaining a liberally just, stable, and oppression-free democratic government in conditions of pluralist visionary conflict.

Legitimation by Constitution recalls, collects, and combines a series of exchanges over the years between Michelman and Ferrara, inspired by Rawls' encapsulation of this conception in his proposed liberal principle of legitimacy. From a shared standpoint of sympathetic identification with the
political-liberal statement of the problem, for which legitimation by constitution is proposed as a solution, these exchanges consider the perceived difficulties arguably standing in the way of this proposal's fulfillment on terms consistent with political liberalism's defining ideas about political
justification. The authors discuss the mysteries of a democratic constituent power; the tensions between government-by-the-people and government-by-consent; the challenges posed to concretization by judicial authorities of national constitutional law; and the magnification of these tensions and
challenges under the lenses of ambition towards transnational legal ordering. These discussions engage with other leading contemporary theorists of liberal-democratic constitutionalism including Bruce Ackerman, Ronald Dworkin, and Jürgen Habermas.

About the Author:
Alessandro Ferrara is Professor of Political Philosophy at the University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy, and teaches Legal Theory at Luiss Guido Carli University in Rome. He served as President of the Italian Society for Political Philosophy (2005-2010). He has authored The Democratic Horizon (2014),
several other monographs, many articles, and contributions to edited volumes in political and legal philosophy. Since 1992 Ferrara has been a Co-Director of the Yearly Conference on Philosophy and Social Science, held in Prague since 1933 under the auspices of the Czech Academy of Science.

Frank I. Michelman is the Robert Walmsley University Professor, Emeritus, Harvard University. He has been the President of the American Society for Political and Legal Philosophy, a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Co-Director of the annual Prague Conference on Philosophy and
Social Science, and has served on the Board of Directors of the United States Association of Constitutional Law and the National Advisory Board of the American Constitution Society. In 2005, Professor Michelman was awarded the American Philosophical Society's Phillips Prize in Jurisprudence.