Introduction: Are mind and brain a unity?
1. Mind and Intelligence
1.1 Types of learning
1.2 Types of memory
1.3 Intelligence and behavioral flexibility
1.4 Consciousness
1.5 Mind-brain theories
1.6 What does all that tell us?
2. What is evolution?
2.1 Historical concepts of evolution
2.2 Neodarwinism and its problems
2.3 Concepts of evolution beyond natural selection
2.4 The reconstruction of phylogeny and evolution
2.5 What does all that tell us?
3. The mind begins with life
3.1 What is life?
3.2 Order, self-production and self-maintenance
3.3 Life, energy acquisition and metabolism
3.4 The origin of first life
3.5 The further development of simple life
3.6 What does all that tell us?
4. The language of neurons
4.1 The structure of a nerve cell
4.2 Principles of membrane excitability
4.3 Ion channels and neural transmission
4.3.1 The function of ion channels
4.3.2 The origin of the action potential
4.3.3 Neurotransmitters and other neuroactive substances
4.4 Principles of neuronal information processing
4.5 What does all that tell us?
5. Bacteria, archaea, protozoa: successful life without a nervous system
5.1 Bacteria and Archaea
5.2 Protozoa
5.3 Why did multicellular organisms evolve?
5.4 What does all that tell us?
6. The "invertebrates" and their nervous systems
6.1 Non-bilaterians
6.1.1 Sponges
6.1.2 "Coelenterates"
6.2 Bilaterians
6.2.1 Acoelomorpha
6.2.2 Protostomia
6.2.2.1 Lophotrochozoa
6.2.2.2 Ecdysozoa
6.3 What does all that tell us?
7. Invertebrate cognition and intelligence
7.1 Learning, cognitive abilities and intelligence in insects
7.2 Learning, cognitive abilities and intelligence in cephalopods
7.3 What does all that tell us?
8. The Deuterostomia
8.1 The origin of deuterostomes and their nervous systems
8.2 Echinoderms
8.3 Hemichordates
8.4 Chordates - Craniates - Vertebrates
8.4.1 Myxinoids
8.4.2 Vertebrates
8.4.2.1 Petromyzontids
8.4.2.2 Chondrichthyans
8.4.2.3 Osteichthyans
8.4.2.4 Amphibians
8.4.2.5 "Reptiles"
8.4.2.6 Birds
8.4.2.7 Mammals
8.5 What does all that tell us?
9. The brains of vertebrates
9.1 The basic organization of the vertebrate brain
9.2 Medulla spinalis and oblongata
9.3 Cerebellum
9.4 Mesencephalon
9.5 Diencephalon
9.6 Telencephalon
9.6.1 Functional anatomy of the isocortex9.6.2 Are the mammalian cortex and the mesonidopallium of birds homologous?
9.7 What does all that tell us?
10. Sensory systems - the coupling between brain and environment.
10.1 The general function of sense organs
10.2 Olfaction
10.3 The mechanical senses and electroreception
10.3.1 The sense of touch, vibration and medium currents
10.3.2 The mechanoreceptive and electroreceptive lateral line system of fish and amphibians
10.3.2.1 Mechanoreceptive lateral line system
10.3.2.2 The electroreceptive system.
10.3.3 The auditory system
10.4 The visual system
10.4.1 The compound eye of insects
10.4.2 The vertebrate eye and retina
10.4.3 Parallel processing in the visual system of vertebrates
10.5 What does all that tell us?
11. How intelligent are vertebrates?
11.1 Cognition in teleost fishes
11.2 Learning and cognitive abilities in amphibians
11.3 Cognitive abilities and intelligence in mammals and birds
11.3.1 Tool use and tool fabrication
11.3.2 Quantity representation
11.3.3 Object permanence
11.3.4 Reasoning and working memory
11.3.5 Social intelligence
11.3.5.1 "Machiavellian" intelligence
11.3.5.2 Gaze following
11.3.5.3 Imitation
12. Do animals have consciousness?
12.1 Mirror self-recognition
12.2 Metacognition
12.3 Theory of mind: understanding the o
