Marine Microbiology: Bioactive Compounds and Biotechnological Applications

Deliberately breaking with the classical biology-centered description of marine organisms and their products, this reference emphasizes microbial technology over basic biology, setting it apart from its predecessors. As such, it systematically covers the technology behind high-value compounds for use as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals or cosmetics, from prospecting to production issues. Following a definition of the field, the book goes on to address all industrially important aspects of marine microbial biotechnology. The first main part contains a description of the major production organisms, from archaebacteria to cyanobacteria to algae and symbionts, including their genetic engineering. The remaining four parts look at commercially important compounds produced by these microorganisms together with their applications. Throughout, the emphasis is on technological considerations, and the future potential of these organisms or compound classes is discussed. A valuable and forward-looking resource for innovative biotechnologists in industry as well as in academia.

Table of Contents:
PREFACE INTRODUCTION TO MARINE ACTINOBACTERIA Introduction Actinobacteria Origin and Distribution of Marine Actinobacteria Isolation and Identification of Marine Actinobacteria Indigenous Marine Actinobacteria Role of Actinobacteria in the Marine Environment Importance of Marine Actinobacteria Symbioses Bioinformatics Conclusions TREASURE HUNTING FOR USEFUL MICROORGANISMS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT Introduction Microorganisms Living in the Marine Environment Microorganisms Living in Deep Sea Water STRATEGY OF MARINE VIRUSES IN GLOBAL ECOSYSTEM Introduction Reproductive Strategies of Viruses Abundance of Marine Viruses Viral Activities in Ecosystems Recent Advancement of Viruses versus Diseases The Effect of Ocean Acidification on Marine Viruses Further Aspects TAXONOMIC STUDY OF ANTIBIOTIC-PRODUCING MARINE ACTINOBACTERIA Introduction Materials and Methods Result Discussion Conclusion MARINE CYANOBACTERIA: A PROLIFIC SOURCE OF BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS AS DRUG LEADS Introduction Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Marine Cyanobacteria Conclusions MARINE BACTERIA ARE AN ATTRACTIVE SOURCE TO OVERCOME THE PROBLEMS OF ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS Introduction Strategies for Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria Marine Bacteria Are Attractive Natural Sources for Overcoming Antibiotic Resistance of MRSA MARINE BACTERIA AS PROBIOTICS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN AQUACULTURE Introduction Definition of Probiotics in Aquaculture Selecting and Developing Probiotics in Aquaculture Effects of Probiotics on Aquatic Organisms Probiotics in the Larviculture 1 Problems Associated with Probiotics Development Further Work and Conclusions SMALL-MOLECULE ANTIBIOTICS FROM MARINE BACTERIA AND STRATEGIES TO PREVENT REDISCOVERY OF KNOWN COMPOUNDS Antibiotic Activity of Marine Bacteria Structurally Elucidated Marine Bacterial Antibiotics Cosmopolitan Antibiotics: the Rediscovery Problem Future Strategies for the Discovery of Marine Bacterial Antibiotics Conclusions and Perspectives MARINE BACTERIOPHAGES FOR THE BIOCONTROL OF FISH AND SHELLFISH DISEASES Introduction Mode of Action of Phages Diversity of Marine Phages Application of Marine Phages to Control Fish and Shellfish Diseases Potentials and Limitations of Phage Therapy in Marine Fish and Shellfish MARINE ACTINOMYCETES AS SOURCE OF PHARMACEUTICALLY IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS Introduction Marine Actinomycetes as Source of Therapeutics Marine Actinomycete Compounds as Antibacterials Marine Actinomycete Compounds as Antitumors/Antiproliferative Marine Actinomycete Enzymes as Antiproliferatives Marine Actinomycete Compounds as Antimalarials Marine Actinomycete Compounds as Antifungals Bioactive Compounds from Sponge-Associated Actinomycetes Conclusion ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS FROM MARINE CYANOBACTERIA AND ACTINOMYCETES Introduction Antimicrobials from Marine Actinomycetes Antimicrobials from Marine Cyanobacteria Current Research Status: Challenges and Future Prospects Conclusions BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM MARINE ACTINOMYCETES Introduction Actinomycetes Diversity and Distribution of Marine Actinobacteria Bioactive Compounds Conclusions FUNGAL BIOACTIVE GENE CLUSTERS: A MOLECULAR INSIGHT Introduction to Fungal Secondary Metabolites Polyketide Synthase Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase PKS and NRPS Products Conclusions ANTICANCER POTENTIALS OF MARINE-DERIVED FUNGAL METABOLITES Introduction Marine Fungi Cancer: Initiation, Progression, and Therapeutics Anticancer Metabolites of Marine Fungal Origin Future Prospects and Concluding Remarks ANTIFUNGAL AND ANTIMYCOTOXIN ACTIVITIES OF MARINE ACTINOMYCETES AND THEIR COMPOUNDS Introduction Diversity of Actinomycetes in the Sea Diversity of Natural Compounds from Marine Actinomycetes Biological Activities Conclusions ANTITUBERCULOSIS MATERIALS FROM MARINE MICROBES Introduction Marine Microbe-Derived Antituberculosis Agents Conclusions HARNESSING THE CHEMICAL AND GENETIC DIVERSITIES OF MARINE MICROORGANISMS FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS Introduction Novel MNPs Gene-Based Studies of MNPs MNPs Discovery Using Genome Mining Conclusion and Prospects MARINE SYMBIOTIC MICROORGANISMS: A NEW DIMENSION IN NATURAL PRODUCT RESEARCH Introduction Marine Microorganisms and Their Symbiotic Relationships Biologically Active Metabolites of Marine Symbiotic Microbes Concluding Remarks APPLICATION OF PROBIOTICS FROM MARINE MICROBES FOR SUSTAINABLE MARINE AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT Introduction The Application of Probiotics for Marine Fishes The Application of Probiotics for Marine Crustaceans The Application of Probiotics for Marine Mollusks ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID (C20 : 5N_3) Introduction Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity and Potency Structure Relationship with Activity Mechanism of Antimicrobial Action Safety, Delivery, and Biotechnological Application Concluding Remarks BIOPROSPECTING OF MARINE MICROBIAL SYMBIONTS: EXPLOITATION OF UNDEREXPLORED MARINE MICROORGANISMS Introduction Marine Microbial Symbionts Bioethical and Supply Issues in Utilizing Marine Invertebrates Marine Fungal Symbionts of Corals as Sustainable Sources of Marine Natural Products Marine Actinomycete Symbionts as Prolific Marine Natural Products New Avenue of Research: Marine Natural Products from Fungal Symbionts of Corals Concluding Remarks MARINE MICROORGANISMS AND THEIR VERSATILE APPLICATIONS IN BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS Introduction Separation and Isolation Techniques of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Organisms Different Bioactive Compounds from Marine Organisms Polysaccharides Pigments Conclusions METABOLITES OF MARINE MICROORGANISMS AND THEIR PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES Introduction Marine Fungi Marine Actinomycetes Marine Cyanobacteria Conclusions SPONGES: A RESERVOIR FOR MICROORGANISM-DERIVED BIOACTIVE METABOLITES Introduction Collection of Sponges and Associated Microbes Bacteria Unidentified Bacteria Fungi Unidentified Fungal Strains from Sponges Compounds in Clinical Trial and Use Conclusions BIOACTIVE MARINE MICROORGANISMS FOR BIOCATALYTIC REACTIONS IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Introduction Marine Enzymes Biotransformation of Natural Products by Marine Biocatalysts Biodegradation of Organic Compounds by Marine Biocatalysts Reduction of Carbonyl Groups (Ketones and Keto Esters) by Marine Biocatalysts Hydrolysis of Epoxides by Marine Biocatalysts Collection and Isolation of Bioactive Marine Microorganisms Conclusions and Perspectives MARINE MICROBIAL ENZYMES: BIOTECHNOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL ASPECTS Introduction Extremozymes: Most Potential Marine Enzymes Biotechnological Aspects Biomedical Aspects Concluding Remarks and Perspectives BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF MYCOSPORINE-LIKE AMINO ACIDS Introduction Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids (MAAs) Distribution of MAAs Genetic Control of MAAs Synthesis MAAs Induction Biomedical Potentials of MAAs MAAs as Photoprotectants MAAs as an Antioxidant MAAs as Blocker of Dimer Formation MAAs as an Osmoregulator Conclusions and Future Prospects INDEX