With the passion of a true poet, Titus Lucretius Carus (ca. 99-55 BCE) expounds the most coherent and eloquent system of materialism surviving from the ancient world. Developing the atomic theory of his master, Epicurus, Lucretius discusses the motion of atoms, natural phenomena, sensation, free will, and the soul's relation to the body. Most importantly, Lucretius sees his teaching as a bulwark against religious fears and prejudices. Since death is final, humankind need not fear everlasting torture and punishment.
About the Author: TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS, the Roman philosopher-poet and author of one work, De rerum natura (On the Nature of Things), was born around 95 BCE. Almost nothing is known of his life; even his birth and death dates remain open to conjecture. He may have been a member of the aristocratic family of the Lucretii, or else a freedman attached to the Lucretii family. The only uncontested fact about Lucretius's life has to do with his friendship with, or dependence upon, Gaius Memmius, the aristocratic patron of the poets Gaius Valerius Catullus and Gaius Helvius Cinna, for it is Memmius to whom Lucretius dedicates his poem. St. Jerome makes the extravagant claim that Lucretius had been poisoned by a love-philter, and that he composed his 7,400-line poem during his lucid intervals. (This apocryphal tale may be based on Lucretius's attack on erotic passion in book 4.) An anonymous "life" of Lucretius attached to an early edition of On the Nature of Things indicates that Lucretius was an intimate of Cicero, Cicero's friend Atticus, and Marcus Junius Brutus ("the tyrranicide"). This "life" is of doubtful authenticity; the only real connection with Cicero comes with Cicero's implication, in a letter to his brother, Quintus, that he has read the work, which was not published until after Lucretius's death.

With his great poem, Lucretius took up the cause of Epicureanism at Rome, extolling its founder, Epicurus of Athens (341-271 B.C.E.), as "our father, the revealer of truth, the giver of fatherly precepts." Lucretius saw himself as a strict follower of the master, although he sometimes avoided the more abstruse points of Epicurus's argument and substituted for the master's dry prose a wealth of vivid observations and imagery which mark him as a true poet, and which made Epicureanism more appealing to a wider audience.

Much of Lucretius's poem, in six books, is concerned with detailing the atomic view of the universe. This includes discussion of the mechanical laws of nature, the mortality of the soul, and the moral theory that pleasure (meaning largely the absence of pain) is the goal of life. At the root of the discussion is the idea that atoms both eternal and infinite in number make up the physical universe, including the souls of humankind. However, while the universe is material, it is not deterministic: the "swerve" of atoms, a concept developed by Epicurus, accounts both for chance and for human free will.

One of the benefits of Epicureanism came with its abolition of the superstitious fear that the gods intervene in human affairs, and that the soul is subject to punishment in an afterlife. Since the soul, composed of extremely fine atoms, dissolves with the death of the body, humankind need not fear an eternity of pain and suffering.

Lucretius was taken up enthusiastically by educated Romans. But with the rise of Christianity, he was condemned for his denial of the soul's immortality and for teaching that pleasure is the end of life. Following a long period of neglect, Lucretius's work once more became a profound source of secular ideas, beginning with the revival of classical learning during the Renaissance.

Lucretius died about 55 BCE.