Chapter 1 - Basic Corrosion Fundamentals, Aspects and Currently Applied Strategies in Corrosion Mitigation

Abstract

1.5.1 Sweet Corrosion or CO₂ Corrosion

1.5.3 Uniform or General Corrosion

1.5.5 Pitting corrosion

1.5.7 Galvanic Corrosion

1.5.9 Oxygen Corrosion

1.5.11 Microbial Corrosion

1.6.1 Carbon steel

1.6.3 Ferrous and Steel Alloys

1.6.4.1 Aluminum

1.6.4.2 Copper

1.6.4.3 Lead, Nickel and their Alloys

1.7 Corrosion tests

1.7.2 Corrosion Test Medium

1.7.3 Gravimetric and Electrochemical Measurements

1.8 Corrosion Mitigation Strategies

1.8.1 Paints and Coatings

1.8.2 Corrosion Inhibitors

1.8.2.1 Mechanism of Action

(b) Neutralizing Inhibitors

1.8.2.2 Forms of Corrosion Inhibitors

(b) Plant Biomaterials as Green Corrosion Inhibitors (Eco-friendly Corrosion Inhibitors)

1.8.3 Cathodic Protection

1.9 Conclusions

References

Chapter 2 - The Catastrophic Battle of Biofouling in Oil and Gas Facilities: Impacts, History, Involved Microorganisms, Biocides and Polymers Coatings to Combat Biofouling

Abstract

2.2 Definition and Impacts of Biofouling

2.2.1 Medical Sector

2.2.2 Marine Sector

2.2.3 Industrial Sector

2.3 Microbial Biofouling

2.3.1 History of Research on Microbial Corrosion

2.3.2 Mechanism and Microorganisms Involved in Biotic/Aerobic Microbial Corrosion

2.3.2.1 Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria (SOB)

2.3.2.2 Manganese and Iron Oxidizing Bacteria (MOB and IOB)

2.3.2.3 Slime Forming Bacteria

2.3.2.5 Fungi

2.3.2.6 Archaea

2.4.3 Mechanism and Microorganisms Involved in Abiotic/Anaerobic Microbial Corrosion

2.4.3.1 Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB)

3.4.3.2 Nitrate Reducing Bacteria (NRB)

2.5 Macrobial Biofouling

2.7 Metals Susceptible to Biofouling

2.7.1 Copper and its Alloys

2.7.2 Carbon Steel

2.7.3 Stainless Steel

2.7.5 Titanium-based Alloys

2.8.1 Microbiological Assays

2.8.3 Surface Analysis Assays

2.8.4 Molecular Microbiological Assays

2.8.5 Other Spectroscopic Assays

2.9 Use of Biocides to Combat Biofouling

2.9.1 Oxidizing biocides

2.9.1.1 Hypochlorite (ClO^-)

Dr. Basma Ahmed Ali Omran is a researcher in Microbiology, Petroleum Biotechnology Laboratory, Processes Design and Development Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Cairo, Egypt. Master and PhD of Dr. Omran mainly focused upon the problem of microbial corrosion and treatment with novel green natural extracts and biologically fabricated nanomaterials. Dr. Omran research interest is in nanobiotechnology, biocorrosion, green chemistry and valorization of agro-industrial wastes. Dr. Omran is a reviewer in two international journals. She has one published book chapter and five chapters in press, seven research papers and two articles in press. One book is going through the production process. Dr. Omran has participated in six international workshops and twelve international conferences. She was a member of a project for bioethanol production from agricultural wastes.

Dr. Mohamed Omar Abdel-Salam is a researcher in Materials Science and Environmental Chemical Engineering, Analysis and Evaluation Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Cairo, Egypt. Dr. Abdelsalam is a member of the Nanotechnology Research Center in EPRI. Master and PhD of Dr. Abdel-Salam majorly focused on waste water treatment using different nanomaterials and functional nanocompoites. Dr. Abdel-Salam research interest is the synthesis of functional nanomaterials for diverse applications like energy storage and conversion, waste water treatment and pollutant separation using nanocomposite nanomaterials. Dr. Abdelsalam has five published research papers, one article and one book chapter in press.