Occupational Group Therapy

OCCUPATIONAL GROUP THERAPY Occupational Group Therapy helps group leaders achieve a higher and more dynamic level of therapeutic intervention, gain a better understanding of foundational concepts and research, and utilise active techniques that have meaningful and lasting effects on their clients. This practical guide encourages readers to use and develop their skills creatively in a range of interventions, including hospital-based work with acutely ill clients, physical acute care, and rehabilitation. The text presents both the theoretical background and practical applications of occupational group therapy: core skills and concepts, styles of group leadership, clinical and ethical reasoning, and different models of therapy such as the functional group model, the model of human occupation (MOHO), and the occupational therapy interactive group model (OTIGM), alongside warm-up and ice-breaker techniques, role-play exercises, assertiveness and social skills training strategies, guidance on using psychodrama and the therapeutic spiral model (TSM) in group settings, and more. Develops the skills and self-confidence occupational therapists need to be effective group leaders Covers the functional and performance aspects necessary for occupational therapy intervention, including client handling, and structuring and communication skills. Discusses new ways of addressing common concerns and issues in various intervention settings Offers ideas and techniques for using higher-level interventions, such as psychodrama and the Therapeutic Spiral model Helps readers to design effective group experiences that allow their clients to “work on themselves” both inside and outside of the group Written by an esteemed expert with decades of practical experience in the field, with a chapter from Louise Fouché, an accomplished occupational group therapist and developer of OTIGM, and foreword by Professor Emerita Sharon Brintnell, former President of World Federation of Occupational Therapy (WFOT): Occupational Group Therapy is a must-have teaching manual and guide for undergraduate and post-graduate occupational therapy students, and for practitioners looking to increase their use of group work as a therapeutic intervention.

Table of Contents:
Author’s Biographies xiii Preface xvi Foreword xix Introduction xxii Section I The Theoretical Background 1 Chapter 1 Frames of Reference Relevant to Occupational Group Therapy and the Classification of Groups 3 1.1 Frames of Reference 3 1.2 Classification of Groups and Types of Occupational Group Therapy: Defining the Scope of Occupational Group Therapy According to the Level of Emotional Intensity 6 Chapter 2 Research in Occupational Group Therapy 10 Chapter 3 Models of Occupational Therapy Relevant to Occupational Group Therapy 15 3.1 The Functional Group Model 15 3.2 The VdTM0CA Model 16 3.3 The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance (CMOP) 18 3.4 The Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) 19 Chapter 4 The Occupational Therapy Interactive Group Model (OTIGM): Reconnecting to Me Through My Interaction with You in the “Here and Now” 21 Louise Fouché 4.1 A Brief History 22 4.2 The Occupational Therapy Interactive Group Model in Context 23 4.3 The ‘Here-and-Now’ 25 4.4 Occupational Therapy Interactive Group Model’s Core Principles 27 4.5 Leading from Behind 29 4.6 Groups as a ‘Mini-society’ 32 4.7 Groups as Part of a Microcosm 34 4.8 Changes That Occur in the Group, Are Taken Back to Society 36 4.9 The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of the Parts 37 4.10 Groups Form Their Own Identity 39 4.11 Group Wisdom 40 4.12 Group Techniques 41 4.12.1 Interaction 42 4.12.2 ‘I-Language’ and Direct Communication 43 4.12.3 Process Illumination 45 4.13 Activity Selection 47 4.14 Group Procedures 49 4.14.1 Steps in the Group Process 49 4.14.2 Conclusion 63 Chapter 5 Core Skills and Concepts 65 5.1 Trust 65 5.2 Defence Mechanisms 66 5.3 Transference and Countertransference 67 5.4 Group Format and Structure: Stages and Phases of Group Development 68 5.5 Cultural Influences in Occupational Group Therapy 70 Chapter 6 Clinical Reasoning, Clinical Thinking and Ethical Reasoning Relating to Occupational Group Therapy 72 6.1 Clinical Reasoning and Group Work 72 6.2 Ethical Reasoning: Considerations in Leading a Therapeutic Group 76 Chapter 7 Styles of Group Leadership and Co-leadership: Guidelines to Address the Differences Including Working with Other Professionals 78 7.1 Group Leadership 78 7.2 Co-Group Leadership 80 7.3 Working with Other Professionals in Group Work 81 Chapter 8 Transdisciplinary Service Delivery 82 8.1 Transdisciplinary Service Delivery 82 Section II The Practical Approach to Occupational Group Therapy 85 Chapter 9 Warm-Up and Icebreaker Techniques 87 9.1 Introduction to Each Other in the Group 88 9.2 The Carousel 88 9.3 Stickers 90 9.4 The Magic Shop 90 9.5 The Magic Bus 90 9.6 The Magic Carpet 91 9.7 Guided Fantasy 91 9.8 Shared Drawings – ‘Me, Myself and Another Me’ (Avnon 1989) 91 9.9 Using Therapeutic Abstract Cards 92 9.10 Sculpting 94 9.11 The Empty Chair (Auxiliary Chair) 94 9.12 Warm-Ups which Include Some Physical Contact 96 9.13 The Use of Hand Puppets or Masks 96 9.14 Johari’s Window 97 Chapter 10 Role-play 98 Chapter 11 The Use of Psychodrama and the Therapeutic Spiral Model in Occupational Group Therapy 103 11.1 The Integration and Processing 111 11.2 The Closure an Essential Process in Psychodrama Including the De-roling 112 11.3 The Therapeutic Spiral Technique of Psychodrama (Vivyan Alers) 116 Chapter 12 Life-Skills Cognitive-Behavioural Groups, Assertiveness Training Groups and Social Skills Training (Verbal and Nonverbal) Groups 117 12.1 Introduction 117 12.2 Assertiveness Training 118 12.3 Basic Concepts 119 12.3.1 Social Skills Training 120 Chapter 13 Community-Based Stress Management with Emphasis on Group Work 123 13.1 What Is Stress? 125 Chapter 14 Practical Creative Activity-Based Group Work in Various Clinical Settings, Including Hospital-Based Group Work with Acutely Ill Mentally Ill Clients 129 14.1 Hospital-Based Group Work with Acutely Disturbed Mentally Ill Clients 136 Chapter 15 Maximising Occupational Group Therapy in Physical Rehabilitation 138 Appendix A: Community Stress Management Manual 141 Introduction 141 Stress Management Programmes 141 The Stress Management Programmes 141 The Questionnaires – Assessments of Stress 142 Stress Management Notes 142 Section 1: Introduction to Stress Management 142 Section 2: What Is Stress? 143 Section 3: What Causes Stress? 143 Section 4: When Does Stress Become a Problem? 144 Section 5: How Do We Make Stress for Ourselves? 144 Section 6: Learning to Manage Stress: How to Cope with Your Stress 146 Section 7: Bad Ways of Getting Rid of Stress 152 Section 8: Learning to Control our Stress 152 A Relaxation Technique 153 Exercises 154 Suggestions for Structuring the Stress Management Programmes 155 The Stress Management Programmes 156 Stress Management Programme P1 156 Stress Management Programme P2 158 Stress Management Programme P3 160 Questionnaire 1 162 Questionnaire 2 163 Psychosocial and Environmental Stressors 163 Appendix B: Assertiveness 166 B.1 What Is Assertiveness? 166 B.1.1 Lazarus Defines Assertiveness As 166 B.2 The Continuum of Assertiveness 167 B.3 Goals of Assertion 168 B.4 Benefits of Assertive Behaviour 168 B.5 Developing an Assertive Philosophy 169 B.6 Developing Self-Esteem 169 B.6.1 Being Fair to Self 170 B.6.2 Giving to Self 170 B.6.3 Being Responsible for Self 171 B.6.4 Being Kind to Self 172 B.7 Self-confidence 173 B.8 Self Confidence Can Be Developed 174 B.9 Sensitive Areas or ‘Buttons’ 174 B.10 Steps to Assertiveness 175 B.11 Handling Manipulative Behaviour 175 B.12 In Conclusion 176 B.13 Anger Management 176 B.13.1 Handling Your Own Anger 177 B.13.2 Handling Other’s Anger Directed Towards You 177 B.14 Receiving Criticism 177 B.15 Giving Criticism 178 B.16 Questionnaire 1 178 B.16.1 Estimate of Self-Concept 178 B.17 Questionnaire 2 180 B.17.1 Occupational Therapy Assertiveness Assessment 180 References 182 Index 190