Out of the Mainstream: Water Rights, Politics and Identity

Water is not only a source of life and culture. It is also a source of power, conflicting interests and identity battles. Rights to materially access, culturally organize and politically control water resources are poorly understood by mainstream scientific approaches and hardly addressed by current normative frameworks. These issues become even more challenging when law and policy-makers and dominant power groups try to grasp, contain and handle them in multicultural societies. The struggles over the uses, meanings and appropriation of water are especially well-illustrated in Andean communities and local water systems of Peru, Chile, Ecuador, and Bolivia, as well as in Native American communities in south-western USA. The problem is that throughout history, these nation-states have attempted to 'civilize' and bring into the mainstream the different cultures and peoples within their borders instead of understanding 'context' and harnessing the strengths and potentials of diversity. This book examines the multi-scale struggles for cultural justice and socio-economic re-distribution that arise as Latin American communities and user federations seek access to water resources and decision-making power regarding their control and management. It is set in the dynamic context of unequal, globalizing power relations, politics of scale and identity, environmental encroachment and the increasing presence of extractive industries that are creating additional pressures on local livelihoods. While much of the focus of the book is on the Andean Region, a number of comparative chapters are also included. These address issues such as water rights and defence strategies in neighbouring countries and those of Native American people in the southern USA, as well as state reform and multi-culturalism across Latin and Native America and the use of international standards in struggles for indigenous water rights. This book shows that, against all odds, people are actively contesting neoliberal globalization and water power plays. In doing so, they construct new, hybrid water rights systems, livelihoods, cultures and hydro-political networks, and dynamically challenge the mainstream powers and politics.

Table of Contents:
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes Preface Part I: Water Rights, Power, Identity and Social Struggle. An Introduction 1. Introduction: Water Struggles and the Politics of Identity 2. Water Property Relations and Modern Policy Regimes: Neoliberal Utopia and the Disempowerment of Collective Action 3. The Limits of State Reform and Multiculturalism in Latin America. Contemporary Illustrations 4. A Masculine World: the Politics of Gender and Identity in Irrigation Expert Thinking Part II: Politics of Identity and Andean Livelihoods 5. Identity Politics and Indigenous Movements in Andean History 6. Cultural Identity and Indigenous Water Rights in the Andean Highlands 7. Land, Water and the Search for Sustainable Livelihood in the Andes Part III: Tensions and Mergers among Local Water Rights and National Policies 8. Water Laws, Collective Rights and System Diversity in the Andean Countries 9. Water Rights and Conflicts in an Inter-Andean Watershed. The Achamayo River Valley, Jun n, Peru 10. Water Rights, Mining and Indigenous Groups in Chile's Atacama 11. Indian Water Rights in Conflict with State Water Rights: the Case of the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe in Nevada, USA 12. Acequias of the Southwestern United States in Tension with State Water Laws 13. Community-controlled Codification of Local Resource Tenure: an Effective Tool for Defending Local Rights? Part IV: Social Mobilization and Grassroots Strategies for Water Rights 14. Using International Norms in Indigenous Water Rights Struggles 15. Networking Strategies and Struggles for Water Control. From Water Wars to Mobilizations for Day-to-Day Water Rights Defence 16. Federating and Defending: Water, Territory and Extraction in the Andes 17. Water Rights, Power and Identity. Conclusions About the Authors Index