1.0 Discovery of outer membrane vesicles. A revisit to the contemporary works

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Discovery of OMVs

1.3 Production of OMVs

1.4 A novel secretion process

1.5 Bleb formation under abnormal vis-à-vis normal growth

1.6 A temporary setback

1.7 Further works on bleb formation

1.8 Confirmation of the discovery by contemporary investigators

1.9 Essential findings of the discovery vis-à-vis later works

2.0 Gram-negative bacteria. The cell membranes and the outer membrane vesicles

2.1 Inner and outer membranes

2.2 Structure of OMVs

2.3 Chemical composition of OMVs

2.4 Proteomic profile of OMVs

2.4.1 Isolation and purification

2.4.2 Protein separation

3.0 Factors affecting production of outer membrane vesicles

3.1 Natural and non-natural OMVs

3.2 Pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria

3.3 Bacterial growth conditions

3.4 Impact of LPS structure

3.5 Vesicle production within the infected host

3.6 Antibiotic treatment and vesicle production

3.7 Stress response and OMV production

4.0 Outer membrane vesicles as carriers of biomaterials

4.1 Packaging and predatory activities

4.2 Toxins

4.3 Non-toxin virulence factors

4.4 Enrichment of virulence factors in OMVs

4.5 DNA

4.6 Antibiotics

4.7 Engineered recombinant OMVs

5.0 Outer membrane vesicles and the biofilm formation

6.0 Outer membrane vesicles. Interaction with prokaryotes and eukaryotes

6.1 Binding with target cell's membranes

6.2 Fusion with host cell membrane.

6.3 Entry into the target cell

7.0 Biogenesis of OMVs

8.0 Release of outer membrane vesicles. Is it a novel secretion mechanism ?

9.0 OMVs. Physiological and medical applications

9.1 Activation of innate immune response

9.2 B-cell activation by OMVs

9.3 Interaction of OMVs with complement system

9.4 OMV triggers cell-mediated immunity

9.5 OMV stimulates proinflammatory response

9.6 OMVs as immunogens

9.6.1 Neisseria meningitides

9.6.2 Neisseria lactamica

9.6.3 Vibrio cholerae

9.6.4 Acinetobacter baumannii

9.6.5 Bordetella pertussis

9.6.6 Burkholderia pseudomallei

9.6.7 Porphyromonas gingivalis

9. 6.8 Salmonella typhimurium

9.6.9 Shigella flexneri

9.6.10 Triponema pallidum

9.7 OMVs as vaccine

9.7.1 Vaccines for meningococcal diseases

9.7.2 Markers of protection against meningococcal diseases

9.7.3 Challenges for vaccine development

9.7.4 Detergent treated OMVs as vaccine

9.7.5 Natural OMVs as vaccine