Outrigger systems are rigid horizontal structures designed to improve a building's stability and strength by connecting the building core or spine to distant columns, much in the way an outrigger can prevent a canoe from overturning. Outriggers have been used in tall, narrow buildings for nearly 500 years, but the basic design principle dates back centuries.
In the 1980s, as buildings grew taller and more ambitious, outrigger systems eclipsed tubular frames as the most popular structural approach for supertall buildings. Designers embraced properly proportioned core-and-outrigger schemes as a method to offer far more perimeter flexibility and openness for tall buildings than the perimeter moment or braced frames and bundled tubes that preceded them. However, the outrigger system is not listed as a seismic lateral load-resisting system in any code, and design parameters are not available, despite the increasingly frequent use of the concept.
The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat's Outrigger Working Group has addressed the pressing need for design guidelines for outrigger systems with this guide, a comprehensive overview of the use of outriggers in skyscrapers. This guide offers detailed recommendations for analysis of outriggers within the lateral load-resisting systems of tall buildings, for recognizing and addressing effects on building behavior and for practical design solutions. It also highlights concerns specific to the outrigger structural system such as differential column shortening and construction sequence impacts. Several project examples are explored in depth, illustrating the role of outrigger systems in tall building designs and providing ideas for future projects.
The guide details the impact of outrigger systems on tall building designs, and demonstrates ways in which the technology is continuously advancing to improve the efficiency and stability of tall buildings around the world.
About the Author: Hi Sun Choi is a Senior Principal at Thornton Tomasetti and has approximately 20 years of experience in structural analysis, investigation, design, and review of a variety of building types, including commercial and residential buildings. Her expertise includes the design of supertall buildings for seismic risk assessment, building motion due to wind, performance-based design, and waterfront developments on reclaimed land.
Goman Ho is a Director at Arup. He joined Arup in 1992 after his postgraduate study. He has been significantly involved in a large number of tall building and long span projects, from analysis and design to construction. His research interests include stability and nonlinear transient analysis. He is the past president of the ASCE Hong Kong, current fellow member of the HKISC, and editor of the International Journal of Advanced Steel Construction.
Leonard Joseph With more than 35 years of experience, Leonard Joseph has analyzed, designed, and reviewed high-rise buildings, sports facilities, hangars, hotels, historic buildings, manufacturing facilities, and parking garages. He works with a wide variety of materials, including structural steel, reinforced concrete, precast and posttensioned concrete, masonry, wood, and light gage framing. For buildings around the world, Len deals with seismic, wind, and other environmental hazards, and incorporates local construction practices into his designs.
Neville Mathias is an Associate Director and Senior Structural Engineer with Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, LLP. He has worked extensively on the structural design of major buildings across California and around the world for the past 26 years. He specializes in the seismic design of non-prescriptive buildings using performance based, non-linear methodologies.
