1. Introduction
1.1Classical PAMPs
1.2 Plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
1.3 Second Messengers in PAMP Signaling
1.4 Plant Hormone Signals in Plant Immune Signaling system
1.5 War between Host Plants and Pathogens and the Winner is .......?
2. PAMP signaling in Plant Innate Immunity
2.1 Classical PAMPs as Alarm Signals
2.2 Effector-like PAMPs
2.3 PAMPs found within Effectors
2.4 Toxins acting as PAMPs
2.5 PAMP-induced HAMPs (DAMPs/ MIMPs/ PAMP Amplifiers/ Endogenous Elicitors)
2.6 Bacterial PAMPs
2.7 Fungal PAMPs
2.8 Oomycete PAMPs
2.9 Viral Elicitors
2.10 Host-associated Molecular patterns (HAMPs) as Endogenous Elicitors
2. 11 Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
2.12 Transmembrane Proteins interacting with PRRs in PAMP-PRR Signaling Complex
2.13 PAMP triggers increased Transcription of PRR gene and Accumulation of PRR Protein
2.14 PAMPs induce Phosphorylation of PRRs
2.15 Negative Regulation of PRR Signaling
2.16 Translocation of PRRs from Plasma Membrane to Endocytic Compartments
2.17 ERQC (for ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM QUALITY CONTROL) Pathways in Biogenesis of PRRs
2.18 N-glycosylation of PRRs
2.19 Significance of PRRs in Innate Immunity
2.20 PAMPs-induced Early Signaling Events Downstream of PRRs
2.21 Different PAMPs and HAMPs may induce Similar Early Signaling Systems
2.22 Magnitude and Timing of Expression of early Signaling Systems may vary depending on specific PAMPs
2.23 PAMPs may differ in eliciting various Defense Responses
2.24 Synergism and Antagonism in Induction of Plant Immune Responses by PAMPs/HAMPs
2.25 Amount of PAMP/HAMP determines the Intensity of Expression of Defense Signaling Genes
2.26 Amount of PAMP available in the Infection Court may determine the Level of Induction of Immune Responses
2.27 PAMPs may trigger Different Signaling Systems
2.28 PAMPs may function Differently in Different Plants
2.29 Specificity of PAMPs in triggering Immune Responses in Plants
2.30 Role of PAMPs and Effectors in Activation of Plant Innate Immune Responses
2.31 Effectors may suppress PAMP-triggered Immunity
2.32 PAMP-induced Small RNA-mediated RNA Silencing
3. G-proteins as Molecular Switches in Signal Transduction
3.1 G-proteins switch on Plant Innate Immunity Signaling Systems
3.2 Heterotrimeric G-protein Signaling
3.3 Small G-proteins Signaling
3.4 Heterotrimeric G-protein Gα may act Upstream of Small G-protein in Immune Signaling
3.5 Different G-protein subunits in Heterotrimeric G-proteins play Distinct Roles in Plant Innate Immunity
3.6 Small G-proteins Activate Plant Innate Immunity
3.7 Small G-proteins may be involved in Susceptible Interactions
3.8 RAR1-SGT1-HSP90-HSP70 Molecular Chaperone Complex: a Core Modulator of Small G-protein-triggered Plant Innate Immunity
3.9 PAMP Signal may convert the G-proteins from their Inactive State to their Active State to trigger Immune Responses
3.10 PAMP-activated G-proteins switch on Calcium ion-mediated Immune Signaling System
3.11 G-proteins may trigger Efflux of Vacuolar Protons into Cytoplasm to activate pH-dependent Signaling Pathway
3.12 G-proteins switch on ROS Signaling System
3.13 G-proteins activate Nitric oxide Signaling System
3.14 Close relationship between G-proteins and MAPKs in Signal Transduction
3.15 G-proteins induce biosynthesis of polyamines which act as second messengers triggering early signaling events
3.16 G- proteins modulate Salicylic acid Signaling Pathway
3.17 G-proteins trigger Ethylene Signaling Pathway
3.18 G-proteins switch on Jasmonate Signaling System
3.19 G-proteins switch on Abscisic acid Signaling System
3.20 G-proteins may participate in Gibberellic acid Signaling
3.21 G-proteins participate in Brassinosteroid Signaling
3.22 Interplay between G-proteins and Auxin Signaling Systems
3.23 G-proteins Activate Defense-related Enzymes
About the Author: Professor Dr. P. Vidhyasekaran, Ph.D., F.N.A., is the Former Director, Center for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. " I have published more than 400 research papers in almost all International Journals with high impact factor (to be precise- 32 journals). I have published 12 books so far and my book publishers include CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A (3 books), Marcel Dekker, New York (1), The Haworth Press, New York (3 books), and Taylor-Francis --CRC Press, USA. My books have received very enthusiastic reviews and second editions, in addition the regional editions, and e-Book format of my books have also appeared. My latest book published by CRC Press as second edition is recommended by American Phytopathological Society (APS) and included in the APS Press Store. I have won several national awards and I am a Fellow of National Academy of Agricultural Sciences and in several other scientific societies. I have served as President of Indian Society of Plant Pathologists. I have served in editorial boards of several journals and also served as Visiting Scientist in USA, Philippines, and Denmark. ZB: selection of books published: * Handbook of Molecular Technologies in Crop Disease Management (The Haworth Press, 2007) * Concise Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology (The Haworth Press, 2004) * Bacterial Disease Resistance in Plants, Molecular Biology and Biotechnological Applications (The Haworth Press, 2002) * Fungal Pathogenesis in Plants and Crops: Molecular Biology and Host Defence Mechanisms, 1st & 2nd ed. (CRC Press, 2nd ed. 2007)