Rationale of the book About the Authors 1. Metaphor in Medicine. The Metaphorical Method 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Types of metaphor 1.2.1 Substitution 1.2.2 Juxtaposition 1.2.3 Analogy, Simile, or Comparison 1.2.4 Symbolism 1.2.5 Metonymy 1.2.6 Synecdoche 1.2.7 Synesthesia 1.2.8 Reversal 1.2.9 Personification 1.2.10 Oxymora or combination of opposites 1.2.11 Deviation 1.2.12 Metaphor-to-myth fallacy 1.3 Metaphorical methods should be considered for analysis of and writing research papers 1.4. Clarification of medical language 1.5 Case example: A healthcare worker (H) - patient (P) metaphoric: H/P modeling in medicine 1.6 H/P models 2. Definition 2.1 Where does it come from that we think we need to define? 2.2 Distinction between types of definition 3. Decision Making: fallacies and other mistakes 3.1 Conditions of decision-making 3.2 Frequent causes of irrational medical thinking and decision-making 3.3 Five levels of decision-making in medicine 3.4 Fallacies in decision-making 3.5 Mistakes 3.5.1. What are mistakes? 3.5.2. What are indications of errors? 3.5.3. Indications that mistakes are often preventable ones 3.5.4. What are the reasons for the mistakes? 3.5.4.1 Questionable medical treatments 3.5.4.2 Error is necessary 3.5.4.3 Uncritical thinking (speaking) 3.5.4.4 Medical knowledge is lacking 3.5.4.5. System as a cause of error 3.5.4.6 Some mistakes are not mistakes 3.5.4.7 Guidelines are not followed 3.5.4.8 Self-caused mistakes 3.5.4.9. Patient errors 3.5.4.10 Lack of sufficient attention 3.5.4.11 Misdiagnosis 3.5.4.12 Overwork 3.5.4.13 Limitations of knowledge in medicine 3.5.4.14 Unfair medical threats of malpractice suits threaten physicians 3.5.4.15 Unfair blame 3.5.4.16 Protocols of good management are violated 3.5.4.17 Unfairness of the law 3.5.4.18 Negative emotions 3.5.5 Case example: Misleading diagnosis 3.5.6 Personal experiences: mistakes 4. Analysis of Causation in Medicine 4.1 Decision-making and cause 4.2 Synonyms of cause 4.3 Antonyms for cause 4.4 Metaphorical models for cause 4.5 Substitutions for cause 4.6 Temporal factors in causality 4.7 Types of causality 4.8. Summary 5. Ethics and Non-Ethics 5.1 Introduction 5.2 A naturalistic theory of ethics 5.3 What is ethics in actual usage? 5.4 Ethics and morals: an unethical society 5.5 Value contradictions 5.6 Examples of contradictions 5.7 On being non-ethical and anti-inquiry 5.8 Brief conclusion 5.9 An Ethics Text for British Medical Schools 5.10 Case example: medicine and dysfunctional culture 5.11 Case example: military medical service as contradictory to medical practice 5.12. Insensitivity to killing: the failure to be embarrassed. 5.13 Case example: on sensitivity 5.14 Case example: Tsunami disaster and cultural irresponsibility 5.15 Case example: culture and family as anti-medicine: female circumcision 6. Medicotheology and Biotheology 6.1 Introduction. How many people have religious beliefs? 6.2 The influence of religion on bioethics and medicine 6.3 Church opposition to medicine 6.4 Should medicine be based on supernaturalism? 6.5 Science and metaphysical causes? 6.6 Case example: religion and autonomy 6.7 Religion versus medicine: a common ground? 6.8 Religion as ethics 6.9 Ethics Committees 6.10 Humanism versus religion 6.11 Absolute religious ethics versus consequentialism 6.12 Case example: deprogramming religion in medicine 6.13 Case example: a real woman 6.14 The person as a soul 6.15 Sanctity-of-life (human) 6.16 General observations regarding the Value of human life 6.17 Contradictions regarding the Sanctity-of-Life doctrine 6.18 Selected arguments from the philosophy of religion 6.19 Prayer as medical treatment 7. Emotion in Medicine 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Case example: non-mental associations provide complexity to cognitions 7.3 Emotion is not an internal state 7.4 Emotions can be changed 7.5 The happy Stoics: passionate rational emotion 7.6 Virtually all judgments involve emotion 7.7 Emotion can chang
About the Author: Warren Shibles was a Senior philosophy professor at the University of Wisconsin at Whitewater, Wisconsin and also taught courses at Tübingen, Germany. He has published 27 books, and over 180 professional journal articles.He also was a researcher in phonetics. He died in July 2007. Barbara Maier is a Senior physician, gynaecologist and obstetrician at the Women`s Hospital in Salzburg and head of the Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology and Assisted Reproduction at the University Clinic of Gynaecology and Obstetrics in Salzburg, Austria. She has been teaching ethics in medicine at the Institute for Ethics and Law at the University of Vienna since 1993. She has a Ph.D. in Philosophy, and M.D from the University of Vienna.