0. Preface (3 pages)
1. Introduction (10 pages, 1 table, 5 figures)
1-1. Energy conversion from nuclear to thermal for electric power generation
1-2. Brief history of development of plasma facing materials
2. Discharges in current tokamaks (11 pages, 16 figures)
2-1. Views of the inside of current tokamaks with and without plasma
2-2. Diagnostics for PSI research
2-2-1 Optical spectroscopy
2-2-2 Probe measurements
2-3. Plasma wall interactions observed by prove and limiter experiments
3. Power load on plasma facing materials (11 pages, 1 table, 4 figures)
3-1 Estimation of power load and its distribution in a fusion reactor
3-2 Steady state power load
3-3 Transient power load
3-4 Power load by neutrons
3-5 Mitigation of power load (Power Exhaust)
4. Responses of plasma facing surfaces to heat and particle loads (17 pages, 21 figures)
4-1 Energy loss processes of energetic particles in solid target
4-2 Emission of ions and neutrals
4-2-1 Reflection
4-2-2 Physical sputtering
4-2-3 Chemical sputtering
4-2-4 Ion induced desorption and radiation enhance sublimation
4-3 Electron and photon emissions
4-3-1 Electron emission
4-3-2 Photon emission
4-4 Energy reflection
4-5 Remission of incident ions
4-5-1 Reemission of hydrogen (fuel)
4-5-2 Reemission of inert gas/molecules
4-6 Interaction of released particles with photons and electrons in boundary plasmas
4-7 Summary
5. Erosion and deposition & their influence on plasma behavior (Material transport in tokamak) (7 pages, 9 figures)
5-1 Erosion, transport and deposition
5-2 Formation of deposited layers made of eroded materials
5-2-1 Carbon wall
5-2-1-1 Deposition on plasma facing surface
5-2-1-2 Modification of deposited materials
5-2-1-3 Deposition at non-plasma facing surfaces
5-2-2 Metallic wall
5-3 Summary
6 Material modification by high power load and its influence on plasma (16 pages, 11 figures)
6-1 Power load to PFM
6-2 Material response to heat loads and its influence on boundary plasmas (PMI)
6-2-1 Spontaneous response to plasma heat load
6-2-2 Melting and evaporation
6-2-3 Hydrogen recycling
6-3 Damaging and degradation of PFM
6-3-1 Carbon
6-3-2 W
6-3-2-1 Surface damage by high power load (melting, recrystallization and cracking
6-3-2-3 Surface damage by fuel particle load below melting threshold
6-3-3 Other PFM candidates (Be and Li)
6-3-4 Structure materials
7. Fundamentals of hydrogen recycling and retention (12 pages, 5 figures)
7-1 Overall fuel flow at steady state burning
7-2 Injection of energetic hydrogen
7-3 Reflection, remission and retention
7-4 Permeation
7-5 Isotope effects
7-6 Retention and trapping
7-7 Simulation and modeling
8. PMI in large Tokamaks (24 pages, 2 table, 14 figures)
8-1. Power load in tokamaks
8-1-1 Power load in JET
8-1-2 Exchange of PFM from Carbon to high Z metals
8-1-3 ITER like wall (ILW) in JET
8-1-4 Power load by charged particles from fusion
8-2. Erosion and deposition
8-2-1 Carbon wall
8-2-2 Metallic wall
8-3 Dust
8-4 Recycling and retention of fuels
8.4.1 Consideration of fuel retention rate
8-4-2 Recycling
8-4-2-1 Changes recycling coefficient with discharge time
8-4-2-2 Isotopic replacement and appearance of H (the lightest hydrogen isotope) as an impurity
8-4-2-3 Recycling at steady state
8-4-3 Long term fuel retention
8-4-3-1 Fuel retention in Carbon
