Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for over 17 million deaths per year. IHD occurs when the heart muscle does not receive enough oxygen and nutrients, leading to chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, fatigue, and other symptoms. Although the condition can be life-threatening, early recognition of symptoms and prompt treatment can help prevent further damage and improve the patient's quality of life.

The primary cause of IHD is atherosclerosis, a condition in which plaque builds up in the arteries and restricts blood flow. Risk factors for atherosclerosis include high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, smoking, diabetes, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. Genetics and family history also play a role in the development of the condition.

Recognizing the symptoms of IHD is crucial for early detection and treatment. The most common symptom is angina, which is chest pain or discomfort that occurs when the heart is not receiving enough oxygen. Angina can be described as a squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightness, or burning sensation in the chest. Other symptoms may include shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness, nausea, and sweating. It is important to note that not all patients with IHD experience chest pain, and some may present with atypical symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, or indigestion.

If a patient presents with symptoms of IHD, the first step is to perform a physical exam and obtain a medical history. The doctor may also order diagnostic tests, such as an electrocardiogram (ECG), stress test, echocardiogram, or coronary angiography. These tests can help determine the extent of the blockage in the arteries and guide treatment decisions.

Treatment for IHD typically includes lifestyle modifications, medications, and, in some cases, invasive procedures. Lifestyle modifications may include quitting smoking, losing weight, exercising regularly, and adopting a heart-healthy diet. Medications may include aspirin, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, and cholesterol-lowering drugs such as statins. Invasive procedures, such as angioplasty and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), may be necessary in patients with severe blockages.

In addition to conventional treatments, complementary and alternative therapies may also be effective in preventing and treating IHD. These may include dietary supplements, such as omega-3 fatty acids, coenzyme Q10, and vitamin E, as well as mind-body techniques like meditation, yoga, and acupuncture. However, patients should consult with their healthcare provider before using any complementary or alternative therapies, as some may interact with conventional medications.

Preventing IHD is key to reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with the condition. To prevent IHD, it is essential to control risk factors such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, and smoking. Regular physical activity, a healthy diet, and stress management techniques may also be helpful in preventing the condition. Patients should also undergo regular medical check-ups to detect any early signs of IHD.