Proteins

Formation of transmembrane pores is a very effective way of killing cells. It is thus not surprising that many bacterial and eukaryotic toxic agents are pore-forming proteins. Pore formation in a target membrane is a complex process composed of several steps; proteins need to attach to the lipid membrane, possibly aggregate in the plane of the membrane and finally form a pore by inserting part of the polypeptide chain across the lipid bilayer. Structural information about toxins at each stage is indispensible for the biochemical and molecular biological studies that aim to - derstand how pores are formed at the molecular level. There are currently only two Staphylococcus aureus and hemolysin E from Escherichia coli. Therefore, what we know about these proteins was obtained over many years of intense experimentation. We have nevertheless, in the last couple of years, witnessed a significant rise in structural information on the soluble forms of pore-forming proteins. Surprisingly, many unexpected similarities with other proteins were noted, despite extremely low or insignificant sequence similarity. It appears that lipid membrane binding and formation of transmembrane channels is achieved in many cases by a limited repertoire of structures. This book describes how several of the important pore forming toxin families achieve membrane bi- ing and which structural elements are used for formation of transmembrane pores. Our contributors have thus provided the means for a comparative analysis of several unrelated families.
About the Author: Gregor Anderluh is Associate Professor of Biochemistry at the Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. He and his coworkers are studying protein-membrane interactions and how cellular membranes are damaged by proteins. He is a director of the Infrastuctural Centre for Surface Plasmon Resonance at the University of Ljubljana, where they study molecular interactions and are developing novel approaches on how to study protein binding to membranes. He received his PhD in Biology from University of Ljubljana and did his Postdoctoral at University of Newcastle, United Kingdom. Jeremy Lakey is Professor of Structural Biochemistry at the Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle, UK and runs an academic research group based loosely on the theme of protein biophysical chemistry with interests in protein toxins, membranes and bionanotechnology. Following a first degree in Zoology, Jeremy completed a PhD in Membrane Biophysics at the University of East Anglia UK, followed by periods at the Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Orléans, France; EMBL, Heidelberg, Germany and the EPFL, Lausanne Switzerland. He is currently an editor of the Biochemical Journal and member of the facility access panel for the ISIS pulsed neutron source, UK.