United Nations Sanctions - Mohamed BENNOUNA
In this course, Mohamed Bennouna, permanent representative of Morocco to the UN, sets out to analyze the phenomenon of the United Nations' economic sanctions by closely observing international practices. Mr. Bennouna first tackles the question of imposing economic sanctions as a means of pressure. His areas of interest in this matter are international legality and the invocation of chapter VII of the UN Charter, as well as the purpose of the sanctions and the re-establishment of international legality. Secondly, Mr. Bennouna describes the collateral damage caused by the sanctions (the impact on the target country's population and third countries' population). Mr. Bennouna also describes the process of monitoring the application of economic sanctions (monitoring of the sanctions' application by Member States and by the sanction committees). Finally, the author pays attention to the question of targeted sanctions known as smart sanctions, and he concludes by describing the process of lifting the economic sanctions (suspension of the sanctions and withdrawal of the sanctions).

The Codification of International Trade Law and Private International Law - Normative Governance through Transnational Economic Relations - Catherine KESSEDJIAN
In this course, Catherine Kessedjian, professor at the University Pantheon-Assas (Paris II) sets out to determine the concrete reality of the legal standards created to govern transnational business transactions, in order to present as objective a view as possible of the subject: the relations between International Trade Law and Private International Law. Professor Kessedjian develops her subject in four steps. After explaining the concepts and definitions she employs (codification, concepts of international trade law and private international law), professor Kessedjian reports on the diversity of the sources (public sources, private sources). She then introduces in the chapter "The Standard" the elements that influence the standard's structure and highlights the choice which must be made between material standard and conflict standard. Finally, Professor Kessedjian reflects on the role of the judge from different perspectives.

Law of the Economic and Monetary Union - René SMITS
In this course, Professor René Smits, holder of the Jean Monnet chair at the University of Amsterdam, discusses the law of the Economic and Monetary Union. After a brief overview of the historical background, professor Smits focuses on the Economic Union, the Monetary Union, the European System of Central Banks (consisting of the central banks of the Member States and the European Central bank), the euro, and the external aspects of the Economic and Monetary Union. Professor Smits takes care to point out that the EMU (Economic and Monetary Union) contains an "E", which should not be forgotten for the unique benefit of the monetary union and the euro.

About the Author: Co-publication with: The Hague Academy of International Law.