In this preface, we reflect on the profound words of Nelson Mandela and President Barack Obama, emphasizing the transformative potential of education and the critical importance of gender equality for a nation's development. Throughout history, men and women have shared common qualities, though distinct biological differences exist. Unfortunately, these differences have been manipulated to perpetuate the extensive exploitation of women, both psychologically and physically, often under the guise of religion or cultural tradition (Jalali, 2003).
Theoretical equality is enshrined for women, but practical reality tells a different story. Women are often perceived as the weaker sex and are subjected to oppression on various fronts. They are relegated to secondary roles within families and society, primarily confined to domestic responsibilities such as household chores, child-rearing, and assisting men in agricultural work. Their individuality and freedom of expression are suppressed, and their valuable contributions as active workers and producers are consistently undervalued, citing physical and mental incapability. Moreover, women are denied the right to independent thought and participation in decision-making, even on minor matters.
In the Millennium Declaration of September 2000, member states of the United Nations pledged their unwavering commitment to combat poverty and suffering worldwide. Universal education and gender equality, viewed as central to all development efforts, were identified as key pillars.
Within India, a nation characterized by religious and ethnic diversity, disparities and inequalities persist in education and the economic sphere. These disparities, deeply rooted in factors such as caste, creed, tribe, religion, and gender, are a pervasive challenge. Despite being approximately half of the total population, women in India continue to face neglect and exploitation (Arunachalam, 2005). The benefits of scientific progress and modernization have yet to reach them, even after 63 years of independence. Numerous barriers continue to hinder their progress and development.
