Solutions for Climate Change Challenges in the Built Environment

The multi-disciplinary perspective provided here offers a strategic view on built environment issues and improve understanding of how built environment activities potentially induce global warming and climate change. It also highlights solutions to these challenges. Solutions to Climate change Challenges in the Built Environment helps develop an appreciation of the diverse themes of the climate change debate across the built environment continuum. A wide perspective is provided through contributions from physical, environmental, social, economic and political scientists. This strategic view on built environment issues will be useful to researchers as well as policy experts and construction practitioners wanting a holistic view. This book clarifies complex issues around climate change and follows five main themes: climate change experiences; urban landscape development; urban management issues; measurement of impact; and the future. Chapters are written by eminent specialists from both academic and professional backgrounds. The main context for chapters is the developed world but the discussion is widened to incorporate regional issues. The book will be valuable to researchers and students in all the built environment disciplines, as well as to practitioners involved with the design, construction and maintenance of buildings, and government organisations developing and implementing climate change policy.

Table of Contents:
Contributors xiii Chapter 1 Introductory Insights to Climate Change Challenges 1 Felix N. Hammond, Colin A. Booth, Jessica E. Lamond and David G. Proverbs 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Climate Change Theory 2 1.3 The Controversy and Context 5 1.4 Organisation of the Book 8 Chapter 2 Climate Change: Nature and Emerging Trends 11 Mark McCarthy 2.1 Introduction to the Climate System and Changes to the Radiative Forcing 11 2.2 Emerging Trends (Global) 13 2.3 Emerging Trends (UK) 17 2.4 Climate Trends and the Built Environment 19 2.5 Solutions 20 Chapter 3 Regional Implications 23 Ana Lopez 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Climate Modelling 23 3.3 Projections of Future Climate Change 27 3.4 Solutions to the Challenges of Interpreting Climate Change Projections for the Characterisation of Climatic Risks 30 Chapter 4 Urbanization and Climate Change 33 Felix N. Hammond, Kwasi Baffour Awuah Gyau and Stanislaus Y. Adiaba 4.1 Introduction 33 4.2 State of the World’s Urbanization 33 4.3 Impact of Urbanization on Climate Change 35 4.4 How Does Urbanization Affect Climate Change? 36 4.5 Solutions for Change 39 4.6 Conclusion 41 Chapter 5 Global Political Initiatives and Overtones 45 Jean-Luc Salagnac 5.1 Introduction 45 5.2 Climate and the Built Environment 45 5.3 Background to Political Initiatives 47 5.4 Mitigation and Adaptation Policies 50 5.5 Solutions to Climate Change Challenges for the Built Environment 53 Chapter 6 Green Economics Dialogue and the Built Environment 57 Miriam Kennet 6.1 Introduction 57 6.2 Examples of Unsustainable Building Practices 59 6.3 The Choices We Face 62 6.4 Green Projects in Action 68 6.5 Conclusions 72 Chapter 7 Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment 75 Joseph Somevi 7.1 Introduction 75 7.2 Strategic Environmental Assessment 76 7.3 Contributions of SEA to Climate Change Solutions 77 7.4 Concluding Remarks 84 Chapter 8 Methods for Valuing Preferences for Environmental and Natural Resources: An Overview 87 Jessica E. Lamond and Ian Bateman 8.1 Introduction 87 8.2 Monetary Evaluation of Environmental Preferences: Theory 89 8.3 Methods for Monetary Evaluation of Environmental Preferences 91 8.4 Solutions to Valuation of Environmental and Natural Resources 95 Chapter 9 Ecological Value of Urban Environments 99 Ian C. Trueman and Christopher H. Young 9.1 Introduction 99 9.2 Ecological Value 100 9.3 Urban Habitats 101 9.4 Landscape Scales and Urban Areas 106 9.5 Ecological Implications of Climate Change 107 9.6 Implications of Climate Change for Urban Ecology 108 9.7 Solutions to Climate Change Challenges for the Built Environment 108 Chapter 10 The Pedological Value of Urban Landscapes 113 Jim Webb, Michael A. Fullen and Winfried E.H. Blum 10.1 Introduction 113 10.2 Urban Soils: The ‘Grey Areas’ on Soil Maps 113 10.3 Policy Responses for Urban Soils 119 Chapter 11 Insights and Perceptions of Sustainable Design and Construction 127 David W. Beddoes and Colin A. Booth 11.1 Introduction 127 11.2 Sustainable Construction 128 11.3 Drivers for Sustainable Construction 130 11.4 Rethinking Construction 135 11.5 Thoughts for Change 137 11.6 Concluding Remarks 138 Chapter 12 Progress in Eco and Resilient Construction Materials Development 141 Jamal M. Khatib 12.1 Introduction 141 12.2 Concrete 142 12.3 Brick and Masonry 144 12.4 Glass 145 12.5 Timber and Bamboo 145 12.6 Steel 146 12.7 Polymer-based Materials 147 12.8 Nanotechnology 148 12.9 Future Trends 149 Chapter 13 Energy Efficiency: Alternative Routes to Mitigation 153 David Coley 13.1 Introduction 153 13.2 Energy Efficiency 153 13.3 Carbon Sequestration and Climate Engineering 155 13.4 A Sustainable, Low-Carbon Future? 157 13.5 Solutions: Abatement Costs 161 Chapter 14 The Benefits of Green Infrastructure in Towns and Cities 163 Susanne M. Charlesworth and Colin A. Booth 14.1 Introduction 163 14.2 Integrating Vegetation into the Built Environment 163 14.3 Intercepting Rainfall and Reducing Flood Risk 167 14.4 Enhancing Urban Biodiversity 168 14.5 Limiting the Overheating of Buildings 169 14.6 Improving Human Health and Wellbeing 171 14.7 Sequestering Carbon to Offset CO2 Emissions 172 14.8 'Green Infrastructure' Solutions for Climate Change Challenges 173 14.9 Conclusions 176 Chapter 15 Particulate-Induced Soiling on Historic Limestone Buildings: Insights and the Effects of Climate Change 181 David E. Searle 15.1 Introduction 181 15.2 Urban Particulate Pollution 182 15.3 Soiling of Buildings 182 15.4 The Bath Study 184 15.5 Insights from the Bath Study 186 15.6 Effects of Climate Change on the Soiling of Buildings 188 15.7 Conclusions 188 Chapter 16 Sustainable Transportation 193 Panagiotis Georgakis and Christopher Nwagboso 16.1 Introduction 193 16.2 Climate Change and Sustainable Transportation 194 16.3 Perspectives of Sustainable Transportation 195 16.4 Development of Sustainable Transportation Systems 197 16.5 Solutions for Sustainable Transportation 203 Chapter 17 Linkages of Waste Management Strategies and Climate Change Issues 207 Kim Tannahill and Colin A. Booth 17.1 Introduction 207 17.2 Integrated Solutions Approach 209 17.3 Key Policy Drivers: A European Perspective 216 17.4 Solutions for the Waste Management Sector 219 Chapter 18 Climate Change and the Geotechnical Stability of 'Engineered' Landfill Sites 223 Robert W. Sarsby 18.1 Introduction 223 18.2 Ground Instability Effects 224 18.3 Stability of Soil Slopes 225 18.4 Soil Shear Strength 229 18.5 Landfill Sites 231 18.6 Insights and Solutions 235 Chapter 19 Water Resources Issues and Solutions for the Built Environment: Too Little versus Too Much 237 Susanne M. Charlesworth and Colin A. Booth 19.1 Introduction 237 19.2 Too Little Water: Water Supply Shortages 238 19.3 Too Much Water: Urban Flooding 242 19.4 Property- Level Flood Resistance versus Resilience Measures 246 19.5 Present and Future Water Resources Solutions 247 19.6 Conclusions 248 Chapter 20 Organisational Culture and Climate Change Driven Construction 251 Nii A. Ankrah and Patrick A. Manu 20.1 Introduction 251 20.2 Climate Change and Construction 251 20.3 Climate Change Driven Construction 252 20.4 The Role of Culture 253 20.5 The Culture of the UK Construction Industry 256 20.6 Achieving and Sustaining a Culture of Sustainability 257 20.7 Theory to Practice – Case Study 263 20.8 Emerging Solutions for a More Responsive Climate Change Culture in Construction 265 Chapter 21 Preparing for Extreme Weather Events: A Risk Assessment Approach 269 Keith Jones 21.1 Introduction 269 21.2 What Is an Extreme Weather Event? 270 21.3 Relationship between Vulnerability, Resilience and Adaptive Capacity 271 21.4 A Risk Assessment Framework Model 276 21.5 Solutions: A New Risk Framework Model 277 21.6 Final Thoughts 279 Chapter 22 The Socio-environmental Vulnerability Assessment Approach to Mapping Vulnerability to Climate 283 Fiifi Amoako Johnson, Craig W. Hutton and Mike J. Clarke 22.1 Introduction 283 22.2 The SEVA Approach 284 22.3 Results 291 22.4 Conclusions 299 Chapter 23 Mitigation via Renewables 303 David Coley 23.1 Introduction 303 23.2 Current World Sustainable Energy Provision 304 23.3 Solar Power 305 23.4 Photovoltaics 308 23.5 Wind Power 308 23.6 Wave Power 310 23.7 Large-Scale Hydropower 310 23.8 Tidal Power 313 23.9 Biomass 314 23.10 Geothermal 316 23.11 Nuclear: Fast Breeders and Fusion 317 23.12 The Hydrogen Economy and Fuel Cells 318 23.13 Solutions 319 Chapter 24 Complexities and Approaches to Managing the Adaptation of Climate Change by Coastal Communities 321 Annie T. Worsley, Vanessa J.C. Holden, Jennifer A. Millington and Colin A. Booth 24.1 Introduction – What's Special about the Coast? 321 24.2 Coastal Landforms and Process 322 24.3 Challenges Facing Coastal Communities 323 24.4 Ways of Managing Coastal Challenges 324 24.5 Shoreline Management Plans 325 24.6 Case Study: The North Sefton Coast 326 24.7 Solutions for Coastal Communities 333 Chapter 25 Lessons for the Future 337 Jessica E. Lamond, David G. Proverbs, Colin A. Booth and Felix N. Hammond 25.1 Introduction 337 25.2 Technological Solutions 338 25.3 Working with the Natural Environment 339 25.4 Enabling Change 340 25.5 Final Remarks 342 Index 343