Toxicology of Nanomaterials

This book provides the reader with a comprehensive view of analytical methods for nanotoxicology studies. After an introduction to nanomaterials and toxicological studies, the book discusses various characterization methods of nanomaterials and continues with the detection of nanoparticles in vivo as well as in vitro. A variety of techniques in molecular toxicology of nanomaterials is presented, followed by a detailed explanation of interaction between nanoparticles and biomacromolecules, including the structure-toxicity relationships of nanomaterials. Finally, the book concludes with the advantages and challenges of the analytical methods for nanotoxicology.

Table of Contents:
List of Contributors XV Preface XIX Abbreviations XXI 1 Characterization of Nanomaterials in Nanotoxicological Analyses 1 Yuhui Ma 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Size and Morphology of NMs 2 1.3 Composition and Structure 8 1.4 Surface Properties 12 1.5 Interactions between NMs and Biological Environments 15 1.6 Conclusions 16 References 16 2 Quantitative Analysis of Metal-Based Nanomaterials in Biological Samples Using ICP-MS 23 Meng Wang 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 ICP-MS: A Power Tool for Element Analysis 24 2.3 Single-Particle ICP-MS: Theory and Application 28 2.4 Analysis of Nanoparticles by ICP-MS Hyphenate Techniques 33 2.5 Conclusion and Outlook 38 References 38 3 Stable Isotopic Tracing of Nanomaterials In Vivo 43 Yuliang Zhao and Xueling Chang 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Development of Stable Isotope Labeling in Nanotechnology 45 3.3 13C-Labeled Carbon Nanomaterials 46 3.4 Metal Stable Isotope Labeled Nanoparticles 56 3.5 Summary and Outlook 61 References 61 4 Radiolabeling of Nanoparticles 69 Zhiyong Zhang 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Radiolabeling of Nanomaterials 74 4.3 Summary and Outlook 87 References 88 5 New Methods for Nanotoxicity Analyses: Synchrotron-Radiation-Based Techniques 95 Bing Wang 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 Speciation Transformation of NMs in Biological System by SR-Based Techniques 96 5.3 SR-Based Analytical Techniques for Understanding Nano–Bio Interactions 103 5.4 Conclusion and Prospects 115 References 116 6 Imaging Techniques in Nanotoxicology Research 121 Liang Yan, Yufeng Li, and Zhanjun Gu 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Imaging Techniques for In Vitro Visualization and Quantification of Nanomaterials 121 6.3 Distribution and Quantification of Nanomaterials In Vivo 133 6.4 Conclusions 139 References 141 7 In Vivo Nanotoxicity Assays in Animal Models 151 Xiao He 7.1 Introduction 151 7.2 Laboratory Animal Models 152 7.3 Administration 158 7.4 Particokinetics 166 7.5 In Vivo Toxicity of Nanomaterials 174 7.6 Recommendations 182 References 183 8 In Vitro Testing Methods for Nanomaterials 199 Feng Zhao and Xueying Liu 8.1 Introduction 199 8.2 Preparation of Nanoparticle Suspensions 200 8.3 Cell Viability Assays 201 8.4 Oxidative Stress Assay 204 8.5 Inflammatory Assay 205 8.6 Summary and Outlook 207 References 208 9 Localizing the Cellular Uptake of Nanomaterials 211 Wei Li 9.1 Introduction 211 9.2 Mechanism of Cellular Uptake of Nanomaterials 212 9.3 Methods to Determine Cellular Nanoparticle Uptake In Vitro 213 9.4 Representative Cellular Uptake of Nanomaterials and Intracellular Location Determined with Different Methods 217 9.5 Summary and Outlook 227 References 227 10 Methods and Techniques in Molecular Toxicology of Nanomaterials 231 Yanli Wang, Chenchen Li, and Chunying Chen 10.1 Introduction 231 10.2 Gene Mutation Detection 232 10.3 Gene Expression Analysis 235 10.4 DNA Damage Detection 238 10.5 Chromosomal Aberration Analysis 242 10.6 Omics 246 10.7 Conclusions 247 References 247 11 Analyses Methods for Nanoparticle Interaction with Biomacromolecules 257 Liming Wang and Chunying Chen 11.1 Introduction 257 11.2 Biological Effects due to Nanoparticle–Biomolecule Interactions 258 11.3 Basic Methods to Understand NPs and Protein Interactions 267 11.4 Summary and Outlook 280 References 281 12 "Omic" Techniques for Nanosafety 287 Weiyue Feng 12.1 Introduction 287 12.2 Materials and Biological Models 289 12.3 Genomics Study for Nanosafety 290 12.4 Transcriptomics Study for the Biological Effects of ENMs 297 12.5 Proteomics Study for Nanosafety 303 12.6 Metabolomics Study for Nanosafety 310 12.7 Summary and Outlook 313 References 314 13 Nanometallomics: New Approach on Analyzing Biological Effects of Metal-Related Nanomaterials 319 Yu-Feng Li, Jiating Zhao, Yuxi Gao, and Chunying Chen 13.1 Introduction 319 13.2 Integrated Approaches on the ADME of Metal-Related Nanomaterials in Biological Systems 320 13.3 Interactions of Metal-Related Nanomaterials with Genes, Proteins, and Other Biomolecules 325 13.4 Conclusions 328 Acknowledgments 328 References 328 14 Molecular Simulation Methods for Safety Analyses of Nanomaterials 333 Lina Zhao 14.1 Introduction 333 14.2 The Molecular Simulation Methods for Nanomaterials and Biological Systems 335 14.3 The Scientific Problems in Biological Effects of Nanomaterials Studied by Molecular Simulations 352 14.4 Summary and Outlook 361 Acknowledgments 361 References 362 15 Ecotoxicity Analyses of Nanomaterials 367 Peng Zhang 15.1 Introduction 367 15.2 Transformation of ENMs in the Environment 368 15.3 Toxicity of ENMs in Terrestrial Ecosystem 370 15.4 Other Terrestrial Organisms 379 15.5 Aquatic Organisms 382 15.6 Challenges and Perspective 384 References 384 Index 393