Whales and Elephants in International Conservation Law and Politics

Whales and elephants are iconic giants of the marine and terrestrial animal world. Both are conspicuous representatives of wildlife conservation. The issues of whaling and the ivory trade are closely linked, both legally and politically, in many ways; some obvious, and some surprising. The treatment of both whales and elephants will be politically and legally contentious for years to come, and is of great significance to conservation in general.

This book examines the current state of international environmental law and wildlife conservation through a comparative analysis of the treatment of whales and elephants. In particular, it describes the separate histories of international governance of both whales and elephants, presenting the various treaties through which conservation has been implemented. It is shown that international environmental law is influenced and shaped by important political actors - many with opposing views on how best conservation, and sustainable development, principles are to be implemented. Modern environmental treaties are changing as weaknesses and loopholes are exposed in older, and possibly outdated, treaties such as the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW). Such weaknesses can be seen in the efforts made by some states to circumvent or weaken CITES and the International Whaling Commission and to resume commercial whaling, and further in the efforts of countries to resume trade in ivory. The argument is made that the Convention on Biological Diversity could be used to begin reconciling opposed views and to focus conservation efforts.

The argument is made that effective conservation of species cannot be achieved through individual treaties, but only through a synergistic approach involving multilateral environmental agreements - 'ecosystems of legal instruments'.

Ed Couzens holds the degrees of BA Hons LLB (Wits), LLM Environmental Law (Natal and Nottingham) and PhD (KZN). He is an Attorney of the High Court, South Africa; and, at time of writing, an Associate Professor in the School of Law, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa. He is rated as an 'established researcher' by the National Research Foundation of South Africa for the years 2013-2018; has been an Assistant Editor on the South African Journal of Environmental Law and Policy since 2001; and has been a co-editor of the University of Eastern Finland/United Nations Environment Programme International Environmental Law-making and Diplomacy Review since 2006. He is also a qualified field guide in South Africa.