1. Overview
1.1. Xenobiotics that humans are exposed to
1.1.1. Foods and drug; 1.1.2. Smoke and other chemicals
1.2. Metabolisms of foreign compounds before excretion
1.2.1 Activation enzymes: functionalization; 1.2.2. Detoxification enzymes: Conjugation; 1.2.3. Mechanism of enzyme actions
1.3. Potential toxicity of metabolic reactive intermediates
Components; 1.3.3. Cellular functional damages
1.4. Genetic and environment factors affecting xenobiotic metabolism
1.4.1. Genetic polymorphisms; 1.4.2. Environment and lifestyle
1.5. Defenses against oxidative stress mediated by foreign compounds
1.5.1. Modulation of metabolic enzymes for health benefits; 1.5.2. Inducers of metabolic enzymes
2. Foreign Compounds: Foods, Drugs and Other Chemicals
2.1. Foods
2.1.1. Heterocyclic amines; 2.1.2. Nitrosamines; 2.1.3. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons;
2.1.4. Azo dyes; 2.1.5. α,β-unsaturated aldehydes; 2.1.6. Mycotoxin
2.2. Drugs
2.2.1. Acetaminophen; 2.2.2. Xanthine; 2.2.3. Terfenadine; 2.2.4. Menadione;
2.2.5. Diazepam 2.3. Household products
2.3.1. Benzene; 2.3.2. Phenol
2.4. Smoke
2.4.1. Nitrosamines; 2.4.2. Nicotine and benzo(a)pyrene
2.5. Environmental chemicals
2.5.1. Diesel exhausts; 2.5.2. Arsenic; 2.5.3. Polychlorinated biphenyls; 2.5.4. Dioxins
3. Absorption, Metabolism and Excretion of Foreign Compounds
3.1. Lipophiles versus hydrophiles
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About the Author:
Dr. Chang-Hwei Chen is a biophysicist and professor emeritus of Biomedical Sciences at the School of Public Heath, University at Albany. He is currently a member of the Institute of Health and the Environment at the University at Albany.
